Brock University

A statistic to test MANOVA hypothesis is proposed for increasing number of independent samples. The statistic, defined as linear combination of U-statistics, is robust to normality and homoscedasticity assumptions, and can be used for balanced or unbalanced models. Whereas the focus is on the number of samples to be large, the limit also incorporates large sample sizes, where the dimension is kept fixed, although may exceed the number of samples as well as the number of replications per sample. Accuracy of the tests statistic is shown through simulations.

This study examines how family and non-family firms differ in early internationalization and the implications for post-entry international performance. Drawing on the socioemotional wealth (SEW) and the learning advantage of newness (LAN) perspectives, we develop theoretical arguments and document empirical patterns regarding differences in early internationalization decisions and post-entry international performance between family and non-family firms. We also take into account the role of non-family managers. Using survey data from 317 firms in China and Brazil, we find that family firms are less likely to internationalize early, consistent with SEW preservation motives. However, when they do internationalize early, they outperform non-family firms in post-entry international performance, in line with LAN-based explanations. Moreover, equity ownership by non-family managers mitigates the negative effect of family firms on early internationalization and amplifies its performance benefits. These findings advance international entrepreneurship research by clarifying how ownership structures involving family owners and non-family managers influence early internationalization behavior and outcomes.

Adolescence is a critical period for self-concept development, during which individuals refine their sense of identity and undergo significant social-emotional development. Self-portraits provide a valuable lens into the evolving inner, social-emotional and social-cognitive experiences of adolescents. This longitudinal study investigates how adolescents depict themselves in self-portraits and examines the relations between self-portrait characteristics (e.g., size, placement, activity level) and self-reported measures of self-esteem, shame, perspective-taking, mindfulness, and empathy over time. Results indicate that key self-portrait elements are significantly associated with adolescents’ self-reported internal social and emotional experiences. Participants were Grade 8 students from rural Canadian schools.Data were collected across two waves. Wave 1 data collection occurred between January 2016 and December 2016, and Wave 2 data collection occurred between December 2016 and June 2018.Students completed a self-portrait drawing task depicting themselves in a leisure activity and completed validated self-report measures (SPPC, TOSCA, IRI, MAAS). Regression analyses indicated that larger self-figures at Time 1 predicted higher shame at Time 2 (β = − .11, p = .037, R2 = .030) and lower self-esteem in a model including placement and size (β = .223, p = .021). At Time 1, non-front-facing self-portraits were associated with higher perspective-taking (β = .276, p = .005) and empathic concern (β = .270, p < .001). Mindfulness at Time 1 was positively associated with activity level (β = .242, p = .004) and negatively associated with marginal placement (β = − .216, p = .011). These findings contribute to the growing body of literature on adolescent self-representation and social-emotional development, underscoring the potential of self-portraits as a tool for assessing youth’s inner experiences.

Abstract This perspective paper examines transition pathways that move small‐scale fisheries from vulnerability towards viability. We understand ‘vulnerability to viability transition pathways’ as integrative and one that extends beyond economic concerns to include social, political, cultural and ecological aspects of small‐scale fisheries. Our findings draw on a reflexive and qualitative assessment of country‐specific case studies from across Africa and Asia to collaboratively identify transition pathways reflected in these contexts. Common pathways that emerged included: (1) building governance networks and partnerships; (2) centring small‐scale fisheries tenure and rights; (3) advancing a gender and intersectional perspective on viability pathways; (4) enhancing opportunities for ecologically sensitive and diversified livelihoods; and (5) co‐creating and co‐producing the knowledge required to catalyse transition pathways. Outcomes of this analysis provide context‐specific foundations upon which to further co‐develop a research agenda on small‐scale fisheries vulnerability to viability transitions. Insights from this analysis also contribute to the identification of the transdisciplinary capacities needed to build more viable and resilient small‐scale fisheries in the context of ongoing debates about blue economy expansion, and in relation to country‐level commitments to implement provisions of the FAO small‐scale fisheries guidelines. In advancing a vulnerability to viability pathways lens, this paper frames small‐scale fisheries transitions as governance‐mediated, justice‐oriented, relational and inherently non‐linear processes. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.

Playing in outdoor and natural environments has many benefits for children's development and learning. As children play in a variety of outdoor environments, examining how different types of environments impact children's play could be valuable for best supporting children's development. Through a quasi-experimental mixed-method design, this study used the Play Observation Scale to examine young children's social and cognitive play behaviors on an equipment-based playground compared to those on a naturalized playground in an early childhood education and care setting. The toddlers were found to participate in significantly more social group play and cognitive constructive play on the naturalized playground compared to the equipment-based playground. No significant differences were found for the preschool children, though general increases were seen in this age group's social parallel and cognitive functional play. In addition, a greater variety of affordances were observed in the children's play on the naturalized playground compared to the equipment-based playground, suggesting that the naturalized playground may support a wider variety of play behaviors. Given these results, we believe that a naturalized playground design could be a beneficial design approach for supporting some children's social and cognitive development.