Scholars have long highlighted the impact of family on women’s entrepreneurship, often oscillating between two competing views. The family-as-a-burden perspective suggests that traditional roles assigned to women constrain their entrepreneurial efforts. In contrast, the family-as-an-asset view emphasizes the vital support provided by family members. This study aims to disentangle these competing perspectives in the context of a developing country by examining how different aspects of family influence women entrepreneurs’ operating efficiency and access to external finance. We adopt a mixed-methods approach that combines data from Thailand’s Household Socio-Economic Survey with in-depth interviews conducted with 27 Thai women entrepreneurs. Our findings reveal that caregiving responsibilities hinder both business efficiency and financial access, whereas spousal support enhances these outcomes. We also identify moderating mechanisms: extended families and the presence of employees help mitigate certain burdens while simultaneously signaling greater family obligations to lenders, thereby reducing financial access. This study contributes to gender and entrepreneurship research by unpacking the paradoxical role of family as both a constraint and an enabler, highlighting the cultural specificity of women’s entrepreneurial challenges in emerging economies.
Closed captioning is a service displaying the speech-based audio and limited sound effects of digital media as text on screen, providing access to that content for audiences who are d/Deaf and hard-of-hearing (d/D/HoH), or in situational impairments such as viewing in a hospital waiting room with muted audio or a noisy bar with inaudible volume. Live captioning in fast-paced sports tends to have a faster presentation speed than most viewers can read. In this article, we introduce a new captioning style for live captioned sports, which only displays the colour commentary component of the speech-based audio, rather than the conventional captions for the play-by-play announcing with the colour commentary. This approach reduces the number of words compared to the conventional style. A study is designed to compare d/Deaf and HoH eye behaviour, preference, perceived quality satisfaction and comprehension from watching video clips of live broadcast fast sports with two captioning conditions to investigate behavioural patterns, correlations between quality factors and satisfaction and comprehension of d/D and HoH participants. The main findings revealed a difference between the two groups’ eye behaviour, preference, satisfaction and comprehension when watching different types of captioning.
For each t >= 1 let W-t denote the class of graphs other than stars that have diameter 2 and contain neither a triangle nor a K-2,K-t. The famous Hoffman-Singleton Theorem implies that W-2 is finite. Recently Wood suggested the study of W-t for t > 2 and conjectured that W-t is finite for all t >= 2. In this note we show that (1) W-3 is infinite, (2) W-5 contains infinitely many regular graphs, and (3) W-7 contains infinitely many Cayley graphs. Our W-3 and W-5 examples are based on so-called crooked graphs, first constructed by de Caen, Mathon, and Moorhouse. Our W-7 examples are Cayley graphs with vertex set F-p(2) for prime p equivalent to 11 (mod 12). We also highlight the surprising fact that crooked graphs themselves provide an infinite family of graphs which imply that ex(n, {C-3, K-2,K-3}) = (1/root 2 + o(1))n(3/2) for an infinite, albeit sparse, set of n's.
