Central Agricultural University is an agricultural university at Lamphelpat, Imphal in the Indian state of Manipur.The Central Agricultural University was established by an act of Parliament, the Central Agricultural University Act 1992 (No.40 of 1992). The Act came into effect on 26 January 1993 with the issue of necessary notification by the Department of Agricultural Research and Education (DARE), Government of India. The university became functional with the joining of the first vice-chancellor on 13 September 1993.The jurisdiction of the university extends to seven North-Eastern Hill States: Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Sikkim, Nagaland and Tripura. It offers undergraduate teaching (B.V.Sc. & A.H.) and postgraduate teaching (M.V.Sc.), research and extension activities at College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Selesih, Aizawl, Mizoram. It offers BSc (Agril) every year and MSc (Agril) in Agronomy, Plant Pathology, Horticulture, Genetics and Plant Breeding, Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, and Entomology. It imparts teaching in the field of Agriculture, Horticulture, Forestry, Fisheries, Agricultural Engineering, Veterinary Sciences and Food Technology in various constituent colleges spanning north-eastern states.Like other Agricultural Universities, Central Agricultural University, Imphal has integrated programmes of teaching, research and extension education.As per the mandate, the university has established 13 different constituent colleges, 6 KVKs, 6 Multi Technology Testing Centers: In six states at Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Meghalaya 6 Vocational Training Centers: In six states at Manipur, Mizoram, Tripura, Arunachal Pradesh, Sikkim and Meghalaya..
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as a major global challenge in aquaculture, largely driven by the widespread and frequently unregulated use of antibiotics in finfish, shrimp, and shellfish production systems. Intensive farming practices characterized by high stocking densities, suboptimal biosecurity, and limited disease diagnostics increase infection pressure and encourage prophylactic and metaphylactic antimicrobial use. Consequently, antibiotic residues accumulate in water, sediments, and aquatic organisms, imposing strong selective pressure that promotes the emergence and persistence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria and accelerates the horizontal transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs) within aquatic ecosystems through horizontal gene transfer (HGT) mechanisms such as conjugation, transformation, and transduction. Increasing evidence indicates that aquaculture systems function as critical hotspots for AMR development, facilitating the dissemination of resistant pathogens and ARGs to wild aquatic biota, terrestrial environments, livestock systems, and humans through direct exposure, environmental pathways, and the consumption of aquaculture products. This review synthesizes current knowledge on regional patterns of antimicrobial use in aquaculture. It examines the molecular and ecological mechanisms driving antimicrobial resistance, including antibiotic persistence in water and sediments and the resulting selection pressure on microbial communities. The review also highlights the spread of ARGs through HGT, which contributes to the emergence and dissemination of resistance. Furthermore, it discusses the environmental and public health implications of AMR, particularly the transmission of resistant bacteria and ARGs through aquatic environments and seafood. These pathways may increase the risk of human infections and reduce the effectiveness of antibiotic treatments. It further examines the prevalence and diversity of antimicrobial-resistant pathogens in cultured finfish, shellfish, and ornamental species, identifying integrated farming systems as key amplifiers of resistance dissemination. Finally, the review highlights critical gaps in surveillance and governance and emphasizes the urgent need for strengthened regulatory frameworks, comprehensive AMR monitoring, and the adoption of sustainable disease management alternatives, including vaccination, probiotics, immunostimulants, bacteriophage therapy, and phytotherapeutics. Advancing One Health–oriented strategies is essential to mitigate AMR risks, safeguard aquatic animal health, preserve environmental integrity, and ensure global food safety.
Salmonella enterica serovar Richmond is an emerging pathogen from contaminated animal food, posing a risk of global foodborne outbreaks. Few reports have documented this species in live aquatic organisms. In this study, Salmonella Richmond COFI-RLBCAU-I was isolated from live Pangasianodon hypophthalmus, and its pathogenicity was tested on the three most culturable fish species, P. hypophthalmus, Labeo rohita, and Oreochromis niloticus. The results showed that the bacteria are non-pathogenic to these three species. Techniques, including β-hemolytic activity, Gram staining, biochemical tests such as IMViC, nanopore-based whole-genome sequencing, and in silico serotyping, identified this strain as S. enterica subsp. enterica serovar Richmond. The de novo-assembled genome totalled 4,919,008 base pairs with a GC content of 52.06
Zinc (Zn) deficiency remains a critical constraint to both wheat productivity and human nutrition, particularly in regions dependent on cereal-based diets. Agronomic biofortification, guided by the 4R Nutrient Stewardship framework Right Source, Right Rate, Right Time, and Right Place offers a pragmatic and scalable solution to enhance grain Zn content while sustaining yield. This review synthesizes current knowledge on Zn dynamics in soil-plant systems, its physiological and biochemical roles in wheat growth, and the agronomic strategies that optimize Zn use efficiency. Emphasis is placed on integrated nutrient management, novel fertilizer technologies (including nano-fertilizers), and genotype-specific responses to Zn application. Furthermore, the review highlights research gaps such as the need for field-scale validation of nanotechnology, microbial interactions, and human health impact assessments. A holistic approach combining precision agronomy, genetic potential, and emerging digital tools for precision zinc application is proposed to ensure sustainable Zn biofortification outcomes. This review demonstrates that integrating Zn biofortification with the 4R nutrient stewardship framework offers a practical and scalable roadmap for increasing zinc concentration in wheat grains, thereby enhancing dietary zinc intake and directly addressing hidden hunger in cereal-dependent populations.
Coastal and marine fishing communities are critical to global food security and the blue economy, yet they face escalating environmental and economic pressures. This systematic review synthesises two decades (2004–2024) of research on financial mechanisms supporting these communities, addressing a fragmented understanding of how tools like microloans, subsidies, and insurance influence socioeconomic resilience and marine conservation. Through a bibliometric analysis of Web of Science data, the review investigates four interconnected themes: (i) the evolution of global research trends and collaborations in fisheries finance, (ii) the impact of distinct financial mechanisms on the economic development of small-scale fisheries, (iii) the contribution of financial support to community livelihoods, specifically income and employment, and (iv) the alignment of this research with key Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Findings reveal a 23.084
Curcumin, a hydrophobic polyphenol derived from Curcuma longa L, is well-recognized for its therapeutic properties including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer activities. Despite its potential activities, curcumin’s low water solubility, poor absorption, fast metabolism, and low systemic bioavailability limit its practical use in nutrition and health. The different food-based approaches created to address these issues and encourage curcumin’s successful integration into functional food systems. In this review a variety of delivery methods that improve curcumin’s dispersibility and absorption in aqueous environments, including liposomes, micelles, solid lipid nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoemulsions, nanostructured lipid carriers and other lipid-based delivery systems is been studied for their ability to increase curcumin’s solubility and stability. Additionally, bioenhancers like piperine, dietary lipids, and food matrix interactions are reviewed in the context of improving curcumin’s bioefficacy. The review further highlights the application of curcumin in a range of functional food products including dairy, beverages, bakery items, and edible films, while also considering regulatory, sensory, and safety aspects relevant to product development. It aims to bridge the gap between scientific advancements and real-world food innovation, offering insight into the future of curcumin-enriched functional foods as a tool for preventive healthcare and wellness.
