Potentilla sensu lato, a taxonomically complex genus within the Rosaceae, comprises approximately 300 taxa worldwide. Thirteen taxa, each restricted to limited localities, are currently recognized as endemic to the Mongolian flora. Therefore, the conservation of Potentilla faces significant challenges due to habitat loss caused by climate change and overharvesting. In this study, we explore the phylogenetic relationships and local evolutionary patterns of five endemic Potentilla species in Mongolia based on their complete chloroplast genomes. We utilized high-throughput sequencing of complete chloroplast genomes and conducted comparative analyses. The complete chloroplast genomes ranged from 156,273 to 156,395 bp long and exhibited a typical quadripartite structure. Genome annotation revealed 113 unique genes, including 79 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNA genes, and four rRNA genes. Two intergenic regions (ndhF–rpl32 and rpl32–trnL) in the SSC region showed markedly high diversity among chloroplast genomes. Analysis of selection signatures identified two genes (rpoC1 and ycf1) under positive selection. These genes may play important roles in the adaptation of these species to specific geographical environments. Phylogenetic analysis placed all five newly sequenced species within the Argentea clade, and divergence time estimation indicated that diversification within this clade occurred from the late Miocene to the Pleistocene. This study provides valuable genomic resources for endemic Potentilla species in Mongolia, offers insights into their evolutionary history, and lays a foundation for future phylogenetic research and molecular marker development. Furthermore, this study fills a geographic gap in chloroplast genomes sampling of Potentilla in Central Asia.
Remittances play a crucial role in the economies of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), yet the impact of their transfer costs on economic growth remains underexplored. This study addresses the urgent need to reduce remittance costs, as outlined in Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 10c. We investigate how remittance transfer costs affect their contribution to economic growth across LMICs, distinguishing between high-cost and low-cost remittance-receiving countries. We propose a theoretical model from a neo-classical economic perspective, illustrating how remittance transfer costs negatively influence the flow of remittances. For empirical exploration of the relationship between remittances and economic growth, and implicit effect of transfer cost, we specify the growth equation within augmented Solow framework. Using a balanced panel dataset of 71 LMICs from 1996 to 2021, we estimate the relationship using three econometric techniques—the cross-sectionally augmented autoregressive distributed lag (CS-ARDL), the augmented mean group, and the common correlated effects mean group (CCEMG), procedures. For the full sample, which does not account for transfer costs, our findings reveal a positive but statistically insignificant effect of remittances on growth. When we categorize the countries based on whether remittance transfer costs are above or below 3
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have been developed to enhance device lifetime, efficiency, and operational stability. However, the widely used hole injection layer (HIL) material poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) exhibits limitations such as high work function and acidity, which degrade device performance. This study introduces a [2-(9H-carbazol-9-yl)ethyl]phosphonic acid (2PACz) self-assembled monolayer (SAM) as an alternative to PEDOT:PSS. 2PACz-based OLEDs achieved lower turn-on voltages and higher external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) compared with PEDOT:PSS-based devices. The maximum EQE of green and red fiber organic light emitting diodes (FOLEDs) were 10.71% and 8.97%, respectively, representing 16.9% and 12.9% improvements compared with those of reference devices using PEDOT:PSS as the HIL. Furthermore, compared with TiO2 fiber-shaped dye-sensitized solar cells (FS-DSSCs), the incorporation of TiO2/2PACz increased the power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 5.67% to 6.53%, corresponding to an improvement of approximately 17%. Notably, the TiO2/2PACz-based fiber-shaped gas sensors (FS-GSs) also exhibited enhanced gas sensing characteristics, including increased response and sensitivity, highlighting the multifunctionality and broad applicability of this interfacial engineering strategy across diverse optoelectronic platforms.
In this study, the thermal–hydraulic performance of twisted oval double-pipe heat exchangers was numerically investigated for various geometries and flow conditions. Parameters included the aspect ratio (AR), pitch ratio (S), Reynolds number (Re), and flow direction (parallel or counterflow). Results showed that lower AR and S intensified flow disturbance due to geometric effects, promoting turbulence and secondary flow, which enhanced heat transfer but increased pressure drop. Under comparable pressure-drop conditions for parallel and counter-flow arrangements, the counterflow consistently exhibited higher Nusselt numbers and performance evaluation criteria (PEC). An artificial neural network (ANN) model was developed using simulation data, accurately predicting the friction factor, Nusselt number, and PEC with R2 above 0.999 and a maximum error of 1.6
Alignment accuracy of micropatterns is a critical factor affecting the performance of products in industrial applications. In multilayer structures, where patterns of different shapes must be precisely superimposed, even slight misalignments can significantly degrade performance, necessitating high-precision alignment. Conventional alignment techniques rely on alignment marks, which require additional fabrication processes to preserve mark quality, leading to increased manufacturing costs and a reduced effective pattern area. In this study, we propose a Fourier transform-based alignment technique that enables precise alignment of differently shaped patterns without the use of alignment marks. The proposed method quantitatively analyzes and corrects rotational misalignment by comparing the Fourier spectrum of a perfectly aligned reference pattern with that of a target pattern. Leveraging the rotational invariance and linearity properties of Fourier transform analysis, we experimentally verified that the proposed approach can accurately evaluate and correct alignment offsets between rotated patterns. This method overcomes the limitations of conventional alignment techniques and presents a promising alternative for implementing more efficient alignment processes across various industrial fields, including semiconductors, displays, and printed electronics. It can be effectively applied to the alignment of microlens arrays (MLAs) with patterned substrates in optical security films, the registration of Color filters with thin-film transistors (TFTs) in high-resolution display panels, and the alignment of gate and source–drain electrodes in TFT structures, as well as driving and sensing electrodes in touchscreen panels. This approach simultaneously addresses the challenges of geometric diversity and markless processing, positioning itself as a key enabler of next-generation precision manufacturing technologies.
