College of Business Education

This study aims at exploring the impact of borrowing on the morphological structures of Swahili language, with a view on loanword integration and its effects on the grammar of the language. The study adopts descriptive approach with a qualitative research design. The data were collected from Swahili texts, semi-structured interviews from 20 participants and field observations in various situations. Dictionaries and linguistic databases, including Kamusi ya Kiswahili Sanifu, were consulted to identify the source and integration of loanwords. Processes such as phonological adjustment, noun class integration, and formation of verbs are identified in the analysis. Some examples include: switching from the initial consonant-vowel (CV) structure of Swahili to a word like kitabu for book, or kompyuta for computer, but there are some, like basi for bus, that have morphosyntactic irregularities. Verbs such as ku-instal from ku- together with install, meaning ‘to install,’ are examples of English influence in technological area. Comparison with Bantu languages like Luganda and Zulu shows that different strategies are used in borrowing. Sociolinguistic factors like the prestige of the donor languages such as Arabic and English also influence the borrowing. Religious terms are mainly from Arabic and technical vocabulary from English. The findings further show how Swahili is able to incorporate new linguistic innovation without compromising on grammatical integrity and, in the process, provides some insights into the contact and development of language.

Leadership communication is one of the essential features of leadership that influence leadership credibility and employee trust in the workplace especially in multilingual workplaces. Despite leadership communication being discussed widely in the literature of organizational leadership, language of leadership, its impact on leadership credibility and trust has not been explored fully in the literature in African higher learning institutions. This study explores the impact of language of leadership on employees’ perception of leadership credibility and workplace trust in multilingual higher learning institutions in Tanzania. The study focuses on linguistic accommodation and how it enhances leaders-employees engagement. This study was done in one selected public higher learning institutions in Tanzania. The study adopts qualitative multiple case study design based on Communication Accommodation Theory and Organizational Trust Theory. The study collected data through semi-structured interviews and document analysis. A total of 90 participants were selected from College of Business Education (CBE), Tanzania Institute of Accountancy (TIA) and Dar es Salaam Institute of Technology (DIT). The data was analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings reveal that (i) the exclusive use of highly formal English in leadership communication reinforces institutional hierarchy and creates relational distance between leaders and employees; (ii) linguistically accommodative practices such as the use of Kiswahili, code-switching, and simplified explanations enhance leadership credibility and relational accessibility; and finally (iii) language clarity and transparency significantly strengthen workplace trust by reducing uncertainty and improving employees’ understanding of leadership decisions. Therefore, this study contributes to the organizational communication on leadership credibility and workplace trust that are communicatively achieved through the use of language in organizations especially in the context of multilingual settings.

ABSTRACT Detection of petrol adulteration at low concentration (5%) with high sensitivity is challenging. We propose a multilayer surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor (BK7/TiO 2 /Ag/ZnTe) optimised for petrol adulteration detection. At a silver thickness of 37 nm, the sensor achieves sensitivity = 491.30°/RIU, figure of merit = 116.42 and Detection Accuracy (DA) = 0.2370 at 40% kerosene concentration; and sensitivity = 330.43°/RIU, FOM = 63.94, DA = 0.1634 at 5% kerosene concentration. The optical energy coupling efficiency of 98.58% at 37 nm silver thickness is 39.4%, 68.5%, 101.7% and 177.6% higher than at 40, 45, 50 and 55 nm, respectively. Again, with 37 nm of Ag, the highest electric field along x interacts with the measured sample as compared to the traditional thickness (40–55 nm). A divergence beam reflected onto a 3648‐pixel CCD with 12‐bit ADC yields an angular resolution of 6.694 × 10 − 8 ° Δ θ res (99.98% improvement over mechanical scanning at 0.001° resolution) and a refractive index resolution of 7 × 10 − 10 RIU. Sensitivity and detection accuracy show improvements of 18% and 5.61%, respectively, over recently published SPR petrol adulteration sensors.

The study analyzed sector differences in business structure on employment using secondary data obtained from the National Bureau of Statistical Register (2023) in Tanzania. The main objective was to examine how variations in business characteristics across sectors influence employment patterns. Specifically, the study assessed the relationship between firm age and employment size, tested whether mean employment differs between manufacturing and service sectors, and examined the association between business sector and firm size classification. Quantitative research approach was employed, utilizing descriptive statistics and inferential techniques including Pearson correlation, independent samples, t-test, and chi-square analysis, all conducted at a 5% significance level using SPSS. The findings revealed a significant negative relationship between firm age and employment size, indicating that newer establishments tend to employ more workers than older firms. Results also showed a statistically significant difference in mean employment between sectors, confirming that employment is not uniform across industries. Furthermore, a significant association was found between sector and firm size classification, demonstrating that the distribution of small, medium, and large firms varies by sector. These findings provide evidence to support sector-specific policies, encourage the growth of emerging firms, and promote data-driven strategies for enhancing job.

This study presents a numerical investigation of a five-layer surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor employing a CaF2/ZnO/Ag/ZnTe configuration, optimized through the transfer matrix method at an excitation wavelength of 633 nm. The primary objective is to numerically maximize angular refractive index (RI) sensitivity relevant to alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)-associated RI sensing. Unlike conventional SPR configurations, the proposed structure employs a sub-conventional silver film thickness of 40 nm combined with a 4 nm ZnTe protective/field-enhancing capping layer and a 6 nm ZnO adhesion layer. A rigorous theoretical analysis shows that, within the ZnO/ZnTe multilayer environment, 40 nm is the optimum Ag thickness that simultaneously minimizes ohmic losses and maximizes radiative coupling efficiency, rather than the conventional 50 nm associated with single-layer configurations. The simulation predicts a maximum angular sensitivity of 575.715°/RIU (RI unit), a figure of merit (FOM) of 125 RIU−1, and a theoretical digitization-limited resolution of 3.55×10−10 RIU (an ideal lower bound under noise-free conditions) using a 3648-pixel charge-coupled device detector with a 12-bit analog to digital converter. The modeled RI range (1.3300–1.3353) corresponds to AFP concentrations of 0–125 ng/mL, following established bulk RI calibration references. A divergence-beam (Powell lens) interrogation system eliminates mechanical scanning by capturing all angles simultaneously. The sensor numerically indicates strong potential for high RI sensitivity in the AFP-relevant range; experimental validation with functionalized surfaces and noise characterization is required to establish real-world performance. Received: 17 December 2025 | Revised: 30 June 2026 | Accepted: 19 August 2026 Conflicts of Interest The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest to this work. Data Availability Statement Data sharing is not applicable to this article as no new data were created or analyzed in this study. Author Contribution Statement Jordan H. Hossea: Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Writing – original draft, Supervision. Athuman Mfinanga: Validation, Formal analysis, Investigation, Data curation, Writing – review & editing, Visualization. Vitalis Mwinyi: Validation, Formal analysis, Resources, Data curation, Writing – review & editing, Visualization, Project administration.