This article presents the development and evaluation of a robot-assisted intraoral scanning platform to enhance the precision and repeatability of dental digitization. Intraoral scanners (IOS), a key device in modern restorative dentistry, are highly dependent on practitioner skill, leading to variation in accuracy and increased risk of poorly fitting dental prostheses. A collaborative robot (cobot) is used to mitigate operator variability, reduce musculoskeletal strain and improve educational training. A UR5e cobot equipped with an adaptive gripper and a Dexis IS 3800W IOS was used to digitize a mandibular model, following two occlusal-vestibular-lingual (OVL) scanning pathways and employing two different recording resolutions. Trajectories were generated using SolidWorks and RoboDK software and validated through repeated trials, generating 40 STL files analyzed via Zeiss Inspect software. Metrics such as area of valid distance (AVD), integrated absolute distance (vertical bar ID vertical bar) and weighted normalized distance (wND) were computed to assess scan quality. In our experimental conditions, high-resolution scans increased surface coverage but did not improve trueness (wND). Initiating scans from the right side improved dimensional precision. Results demonstrate that cobot-assisted scanning can achieve accurate, repeatable digital impressions, offering significant benefits for clinical practice, dental education and telemedicine, particularly in underserved areas. Further trajectory optimization could enhance these outcomes, positioning robotic intraoral scanning as a promising tool in future dental workflows.
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to public health as well as to animal health, food security, the environment and natural resources on which humans depend. More broadly it also threatens sustainable development. AMR undermines the treatment of common infections and is exacerbated by the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials in human, animal and plant health. The environment plays a key role in the emergence, transmission and spread of AMR owing to discharges into the environment from sources such as pharmaceutical production, municipal waste and wastewater systems, as well as animal and plant production. Effective governance and regulatory frameworks are essential to address this multisectoral challenge. The Quadripartite One Health Legislative Assessment Tool for AMR (hereinafter ‘OHLAT’ or ‘the Tool’), developed by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the World Health Organization (WHO) and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH), is an innovative framework used to assist countries in enhancing their national legal frameworks for AMR governance under a One Health approach. Such approach recognises that the health of humans, animals, plants and their wider environment, including ecosystems, are interconnected and interdependent. OHLAT assists countries in identifying regulatory gaps within and across sectors and fosters One Health collaboration, including a participatory approach to legislative assessment and reform. While many efforts to address AMR are rightly made at global and regional levels, OHLAT directly enables country action by supporting the development of a robust national legal framework to respond to the spectrum of AMR challenges. While OHLAT focuses on AMR, this Tool also offers a novel model for tackling other One Health issues that require integrated governance. OHLAT serves as a catalyst to guide governments in preparing comprehensive legal frameworks and ultimately supports global health communities, advocating for building resilient, future-oriented frameworks to mitigate the urgent threat of AMR.
