Desh Bhagat University

Cancer continues to pose a global health challenge, with conventional therapies often limited by non-specific toxicity, drug resistance, and an inadequate therapeutic index. Nanotechnology offers transformative opportunities by enabling targeted drug delivery, improved pharmacokinetics, and integrated diagnostic-therapeutic platforms (termed nanotheranostics). This review highlights key nanocarrier systems including liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, inorganic nanostructures, carbon-based materials, extracellular vesicles, and hybrid platforms with a focus on human studies and clinical translation. Design strategies (such as passive and active tumor targeting, biomimicry, and stimuli-responsive release mechanisms) are discussed in the context of improving tumor selectivity and minimizing systemic toxicity. Recent innovations, including AI-supported nanomedicine design, smart nanorobots, and cell-mediated delivery systems, are also examined. Although multiple nano-formulations such as Doxil®, Abraxane®, and Vyxeos® have reached clinical use, challenges remain including large-scale manufacturing, regulatory pathways, long-term safety evaluation, and cost-effective global accessibility. This review provides a critical appraisal of current evidence, translational bottlenecks, and emerging opportunities to guide future nanomedicine development. Nanotechnology is poised to become a cornerstone of precision oncology, enabling personalized, safe, and effective cancer treatment paradigms.

Dye pollutions are persistent organic pollutants that are receiving much attention. Magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) are substantial compounds for the removal of organic dyes from wastewater. In this study, Azadirachta indica (A. indica) extract and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) polymer were used as an encapsulating agent for Ni/Cu-doped α-Fe2O3 NPs. Those NPs exhibit rhombohedral crystals with the crystallite size of 14–22 nm in a spherical shape, which have a saturation magnetization value approximately between 30 and 36 emu·g−1 under ambient conditions. Bismarck brown Y (BBY) and Rhodamine B (RhB) dyes were used to test the photocatalytic activity, and results showed that Fe2O3 had a removal efficiency up to 96

Chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment, known as chemo brain, is a severe side effect of cancer treatment that may cause severe memory, attention, executive skills, and cognitive learning damage. There are several underpinning factors of CICI comprising several pathways, such as oxidative stress, impaired mitochondrial function, neural inflammation, insulin resistance, and decreased neurogenesis. Due to its remarkable neuroprotective properties, imeglimin-a new class of antidiabetic medication – looks potentially promising as a treatment method for chemo brain-associated cognitive disorders. Imeglimin affects mitochondrial bioenergetics, playing a role in enhanced mitochondrial O2 uptake, increased membrane potentials and diminished oxidative stress. This is exceptionally important in the chemo brain context, as the chemotherapeutic agents such as cisplatin and doxorubicin commonly cause mitochondrial damage and oxidative stress in neurons of the brain. Also, by functioning as an antioxidant, imeglimin enhances redox homeostasis, thereby protecting against neuronal apoptosis and regular synaptic activity. Neuroinflammation, another significant activity in CICI, is fueled by microglial activation and cytokine production. The anti-inflammatory activity of imeglimin is associated with its ability to suppress NF-κB signaling and reduce the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and IL-6. Such outcomes suggest that imeglimin might ameliorate the neuroinflammatory responses associated with chemotherapy. In addition, imeglimin enhances insulin sensitivity and modulates brain glucose metabolism, which associates it with the modern concept of chemo brain as “type 3 diabetes”. Enhancing insulin signaling is one of the mechanisms by which imeglimin may increase synaptic plasticity and improve cognitive resilience. Moreover, Imeglimin exhibits multiple mitochondrial and anti-inflammatory actions that may hold potential for mitigating chemobrain-related pathology. However, its therapeutic application in this context remains hypothetical and warrants dedicated preclinical and clinical evaluation. This review discusses these possible mechanisms and emphasises the need for more preclinical and clinical trials to support its role in reducing the cognitive effects of chemotherapy. Unlike prior descriptive chemobrain reviews, this article applies a hypothesis-driven translational framework to critically assess Imeglimin’s mechanistic plausibility, pharmacological constraints, and unmet validation gaps in chemotherapy-induced cognitive impairment. Employing this graphical abstract, here it is shown that Imeglimin mitigatescognitive deficits caused by chemotherapy as it targets oxidative stress,neuroinflammation and mitochondrial dysfunction, positively affectingcognitive functions and neuroprotection

This study reports the hydrothermal synthesis of silver-anchored binary (PNBC–Ag/TiO₂, PNBC–Ag/Mg(OH)₂) and ternary (PNBC–Ag/TiO₂/Mg(OH)₂) nanocomposites using activated biochar (PNBC) derived from dead pine needles as a sustainable support. Structural, optical and surface analyses using XRD, FTIR, XPS, FESEM/HRTEM, and UV–Vis DRS confirmed the successful integration of Ag, TiO₂, and Mg(OH)₂ within the biochar matrix, producing nanocrystalline composites with improved light-absorption properties. The ternary nanocomposite demonstrated superior photocatalytic performance, achieving 98.4

Biomass-derived aerogels are promising materials for CO2 capture due to their eco-friendliness, tunable structure, low cost, and excellent porosity. In this study, lignin extracted from Acacia mangium was modified and incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) matrices at varying weight percentages (0.25, 0.5, and 1 wt%) to fabricate aerogels cross-linked with glutaraldehyde (GA). The lignin was isolated using acid precipitation followed by alkaline treatment and ultrasonication to remove impurities. The resulting PVA-LN-GA-X (X = 0.25, 0.5, or 1 wt%) composite aerogels were characterized using FTIR, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, TGA, SEM/EDX, TEM, PY-GCMS, BET, and TPD-CO₂ adsorption analyses. FTIR and Raman confirmed successful integration of lignin, revealing strong hydrogen bonding and structural interactions. XRD showed semicrystalline structures, while SEM and TEM revealed a core-shell morphology with nanoscale sizes (85-96 nm). BET analysis demonstrated that PVALNGA5 had the highest surface area (665.8 m2/g) and porosity, correlating with its highest CO2 adsorption capacity (2.4764 mmol/g). In contrast, the lowest performance was observed for unmodified PVAGA (0.1824 mmol/g). The enhanced performance is attributed to increased surface area, porosity, and active functional groups provided by lignin. Adsorption behavior followed Elovich and intraparticle diffusion kinetic models with R2 values of 0.689 and 0.449, respectively. Overall, this study presents an effective strategy for producing bio-based aerogels with enhanced CO2 capture performance, offering potential for scalable and sustainable applications in environmental remediation.