The structural and transport properties of Mn-bearing silicate melts are strongly influenced by the oxidation state of manganese, which plays an important role in many metallurgical slag systems. In this study, classical molecular dynamics simulations were performed to investigate the effect of the manganese valence state on the atomic structure, diffusion behavior, and viscosity of Ca2SiO4-MnOx melts containing Mn2+, Mn3+, and Mn4+ over a wide range of Mn concentrations. Structural analysis based on radial distribution functions and coordination statistics reveals that increasing Mn oxidation state enhances short-range structural ordering and promotes greater Si-Si connectivity within the silicate network. The degree of polymerization decreases with increasing Mn content for all oxidation states, indicating progressive depolymerization of the silicate framework. However, distinct differences between Mn valence states are observed, with Mn4+-containing melts exhibiting the highest polymerization degree at moderate Mn concentrations. Diffusion coefficients of the constituent species show a strong dependence on both Mn concentration and oxidation state, with higher atomic mobility observed in the more depolymerized systems. Correspondingly, the calculated viscosities decrease with increasing Mn content for Mn2+ and Mn3+ melts, whereas Mn4+-containing melts exhibit an increase in viscosity at higher Mn concentrations. These results demonstrate that the oxidation state of manganese plays a key role in controlling silicate network connectivity and melt transport properties, providing atomistic insight into the structure-property relationships governing Mn-bearing metallurgical slag systems.
We calculate the unpolarized and polarized three--loop anomalous dimensions and splitting functions $P_{\rm NS}^+, P_{\rm NS}^-$ and $P_{\rm NS}^{\rm s}$ in QCD in the $\overline{\sf MS}$ scheme by using the traditional method of space--like off shell massless operator matrix elements. This is a gauge--dependent framework. For the first time we also calculate the three--loop anomalous dimensions $P_{\rm NS}^{\rm \pm tr}$ for transversity directly. We compare our results to the literature.
While ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism are well-established classes of magnetic order, a third class of collinear magnetic order, termed altermagnetism, has recently attracted scientific interest. We measured magnetic circular dichroism (MCD) in core-level photoemission (XPS) at the Ru 2p3/2 and 2p1/2 core levels in epitaxial RuO2(110)/TiO2(110) films using circularly polarized x rays at 6 keV, as well as x-ray magnetic circular dichroism (XMCD) in resonant x-ray absorption at the Ru M3,2 (3p3/2 and 3p1/2) edges. Charge transfer multiplet calculations show that the MCD-XPS and the XMCD can be explained by an altermagnetic locking of Ru magnetic moments and a distorted crystal field orientation. The distortion is caused by the epitaxial strain. The collinear magnetic moments in RuO2 occupy sublattice sites with distorted octahedral crystal fields that are rotated by 90 degrees with respect to each other. A change in the sign of the MCD-XPS at different sample positions indicates the presence of altermagnetic domains with the size of around hundreds of micrometers.
The Review summarizes much of particle physics and cosmology. Using data from previous editions, plus 3,200 new measurements from 903 papers, we list, evaluate, and average measured properties of gauge bosons and the recently discovered Higgs boson, leptons, quarks, mesons, and baryons. We summarize searches for hypothetical particles such as supersymmetric particles, heavy bosons, axions, dark photons, etc. Particle properties and search limits are listed in Summary Tables. We give numerous tables, figures, formulae, and reviews of topics such as Higgs Boson Physics, Supersymmetry, Grand Unified Theories, Neutrino Mixing, Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Cosmology, Particle Detectors, Colliders, Probability and Statistics. Most of the 118 reviews are updated, including many that are heavily revised. The Review is divided into two volumes. Volume 1 includes the Summary Tables and 96 review articles. Volume 2 consists of the Particle Listings and contains also 22 reviews that address specific aspects of the data presented in the Listings. The complete Review (both volumes) is published online on the website of the Particle Data Group ( pdg.lbl.gov ) and in a journal. Volume 1 is available in print as the PDG Book. A Particle Physics Booklet with the Summary Tables and essential tables, figures, and equations from selected review articles is available in print, as a web version optimized for use on phones, and as an Android app. The PDG API (Application Programming Interface) provides access to the data published in the Review in machine-readable format.
The large van der Waals gap in transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) offers an avenue to tune the ground state of 2D materials through the intercalation of magnetic atoms. Here, we investigate the charge correlations in Fe1/3TaS2, Co1/3TaS2, and Fe0.35NbS2 by combining angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES), x-ray scattering, magnetometry, and density functional theory (DFT). We find that, while short-range charge fluctuations develop in Ta-based compounds, Fe0.35NbS2 exhibits long-range charge order which is strongly coupled with magnetic order and tunable by external magnetic field. Our electronic structure analysis reveals that intercalation reconstructs the Fermi surface via charge transfer and band renormalization, yet does not generate the nesting conditions compatible with the observed ordering vectors. Complementary phonon calculations further exclude a conventional electron-phonon origin of charge order. Together, these results establish magnetoelastic coupling as the dominant mechanism behind charge ordering in Fe0.35NbS2 and highlight the contrasting role of Nb and Ta hosts in stabilizing correlated ground states in intercalated TMDs.
