Coupling the hydrazine oxidation reaction (HzOR) with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) offers an energy-saving strategy for hydrogen production, addressing both energy scarcity and environmental concerns. However, efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts remain a key bottleneck. Herein, by taking advantage of lysozyme with massive reserves in nature, abundant heteroatoms and low cost, the ultrafine Ru nanoparticles loaded on N,S-codoped porous carbon (Ru-PNSC) with honeycomb structures and large surface area is synthesized, which exhibits excellent HER/HzOR bifunctional activity and stability across alkaline and neutral media. Specifically, at 10 mA cm-2, Ru-PNSC achieves remarkably low HER operating potentials (vs. RHE) of -2.8 mV (alkaline) and -21.6 mV (neutral), and HzOR potentials of -59 mV and 190 mV, respectively. Notably, the assembled hydrazine-assisted system operates at voltages of 10.3 mV (alkaline) and 231.5 mV (neutral) at 10 mA cm- 2. Furthermore, this system can be efficiently driven by a direct hydrazine-H2O2 fuel cell or a commercial solar cell, delivering substantial H2 production rates of 1.05 and 1.56 mmol h- 1, respectively.
Colloidal quantum dot (CQD) solar cells hold great promise for applications in single-junction and tandem solar cells owing to their adaptable bandgaps. However, power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of their tandem solar cells still lag far behind their single-junction counterparts, primarily due to suboptimal thicknesses of light harvesting layers and underexplored interlayers for efficient charge recombination. In this study, Silvaco TCAD simulation is first conducted to optimize absorbing layer thickness in the front and rear sub-cells, enabling ideal photocurrent matching. Then, indium tin oxide (ITO) is introduced as an interlayer in a PbS CQD tandem solar cell to achieve efficient charge recombination. Guided by these simulation results, a two-terminal solution-processed PbS CQD tandem solar cell with an ITO interlayer is experimentally fabricated and characterized, which therefore achieved a PCE of 7.4% whereas the control device without an ITO interlayer only delivered a PCE of less than 1%. Therefore, this work offers insights into thickness optimizations of active layers and interlayer engineering for high-performance tandem solar cells, providing a theoretical and experimental guideline for optimizing CQD tandem devices.
Cluster analysis is essential in single-cell multi-omics research, allowing for simultaneous analysis across different omics levels. It reveals cellular diversity and precisely differentiates cell types and their physiological states. Despite advancements in clustering methods for single-cell multi-omics, challenges persist in analyzing the complexity of multi-omics data, integrating information across dimensions, ensuring dynamic adaptability, and maintaining consistent representation. Existing methods often fall short in capturing the full complexity and diversity of the data, tend to overemphasize local details while neglecting global patterns, and lack flexible clustering objectives. To tackle these limitations, we introduce scHEAGC, a novel hybrid encoding and adaptive guidance framework for enhanced single-cell multi-omics clustering. Our model employs a hybrid encoding strategy, integrating discrete and continuous techniques with vector quantization encoders (VQ-VAEs) and graph autoencoders (GAEs) to improve data representation. Furthermore, we design a multi-layer information fusion strategy that robustly integrates multi-dimensional data at both local and global levels, leveraging diverse embedding types. Additionally, our model includes an adaptive guided clustering module that dynamically adjusts targets in response to changes in the loss function, promoting iterative optimization. The hybrid encoding and the adaptive guided information fusion strategies we present are effective for single-cell multi-omics clustering and extendable to other fields. Experimental results demonstrate that scHEAGC outperforms existing methods across six real datasets, offering a powerful new tool for single-cell multi-omics data analysis.
This work addresses the interval type-2 T-S fuzzy singular systems with non-identical input matrices under external disturbances. A disturbance observer is constructed to estimate and counteract the perturbations in real time. Based on the observed disturbance, an integral sliding surface is designed, and sufficient conditions are derived to ensure both the admissibility of sliding mode dynamics (SMD) and H_∞ performance through linear matrix inequality techniques. Subsequently, a sliding mode controller is synthesized to drive the system states onto the sliding manifold in finite time, with rigorous analysis provided for reachability. A numerical simulation demonstrates that the proposed method not only effectively attenuates disturbances but also achieves superior stabilization performance, validating its theoretical advancements.
2-Fluorobenzohydrazide reacted with various benzaldehydes afforded five new aroylhydrazones, which were characterized by elemental analysis, IR, UV-Vis and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Detailed structures of four compounds were further determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Antibacterial activities of reported compounds on Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas fluorescence, and antifungal activities on Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger were assayed. The biological assay indicated that the presence of electron-withdrawing groups in the benzaldehydes can improve antimicrobial activities.
