Dire-Dawa University is a public university located in Dire-Dawa, Ethiopia. It opened for the 2006–07 academic year with 754 students, as one of 13 new universities started by the Ministry of Higher Education, Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia.
This study investigated the chemical composition, antioxidant, and insecticidal properties of leaf smoke from Azadirachta indica (neem) extracted with n-hexane and methanol. GC-MS analysis revealed that the n-hexane-trapped extract was dominated by methyl hexadecanoate (64.27%) and methyl stearate (25.86%). The methanol-trapped extract primarily contained 3,5-di-butylphenol (30.01%), methyl hexadecanoate (13.22%), and 1,2:15,16-diepoxy hexadecane (8.10%). The methanol extract exhibited 19.65% antioxidant activity at 152.20 & micro;g/mL, whereas the n-hexane extract showed negligible results. In insecticidal assays against cockroaches, both extracts displayed significant repellent activity, increasing from initial levels to 81.24% (n-hexane) and 100% (methanol) after 60 minutes. At a 10% concentration, the methanol and n-hexane extracts achieved 100% and 80% mortality, respectively. The methanol extract demonstrated superior efficacy with an LC50 of 6.40% and an LT50 of 4.60 hat the lowest concentration (1.25%). Conversely, the n-hexane extract was less potent, reaching an LT50 only at 35 h. These findings indicate that A. indica leaf smoke is a rich source of bioactive compounds and a promising candidate for the development of natural insecticidal agents.
Composite materials made from glass fiber-reinforced epoxy are increasingly being applied in the automotive sector. These advanced materials offer a unique combination of lightweight properties, high strength, and durability, making them ideal for enhancing vehicle performance and fuel efficiency. In this study, a composite was developed using the hand lay-up method, incorporating glass fiber as reinforcement, epoxy as the matrix, and calcium carbonate as a filler. The properties examined were tensile strength, compressive strength, impact strength, and water absorption. To optimize the input parameters, the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array was employed. The results indicated that specimens with 6 wt
Estimating the return period of extreme rainfall is crucial for understanding hydroclimatic hazards and supporting infrastructure design, agricultural planning, and flood risk management. This study evaluates return periods and identifies best-fit probability distributions for annual maximum rainfall (AMR) in southern Ethiopia, a region with limited prior research. Twenty-five years (1987-2011) of rainfall data from four meteorological stations - Addis Ababa, Arba Minch, Hawassa, and Mega - were obtained from the Ethiopian National Meteorological Service Agency. Return periods and probabilities were estimated using Weibull's plotting position formula. Three statistical distributions (Normal, Log-normal, and Gumbel) were applied and assessed using root mean square error (RMSE). The Gumbel distribution provided the most accurate representation across all stations. Maximum AMR values for a 26-year return period were 351 mm (Addis Ababa), 307 mm (Arba Minch), 255 mm (Hawassa), and 468 mm (Mega). These results provide essential information for flood risk management and agricultural planning and offer ground-based data to support the validation of satellite-based precipitation products and hydrological models. Combining statistical rainfall analysis with Earth observation techniques, this study contributes to enhancing climate resilience and water resource management in southern Ethiopia.
Background and Aims:Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition of fat accumulation in hepatocytes, not because of excess alcohol intake and disease-causing etiology. The disease occurrence is increased among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) because of a strong pathophysiological link. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the NAFLD status and its associated factors among patients with T2DM in Adama Hospital Medical College, South Eastern Ethiopia, 2022. Methods:Systematic random sampling was used in an institution-based cross-sectional study design from March to June 2022. Sociodemographic, behavioral, and clinical data were assessed using a structured questionnaire. Fatty liver was diagnosed using ultrasonography. About 5 mL of blood sample was collected for testing liver enzyme, fasting blood glucose, and lipid profile tests using the Cobas C 311 analyzer. EpiData version 3.1 was used for data input, and Stata version 17 for analysis. Binary and multivariable logistic regression were used to show the association of sociodemographic and clinical variables, and one-way ANOVA with post hoc Bonferroni test was used to show significant mean differences among different liver status grading. p < 0.05 was taken as statistically significant. Results:The prevalence of NAFLD among patients with T2DM was 85.57% (95% CI: 79.8-89.8). Being female and having a longer duration of diabetes had higher odds of having NAFLD. Fasting blood glucose, alanine transaminase, direct bilirubin, total cholesterol, and triglyceride showed a significant mean difference among different NAFLD status as compared to patients with T2DM without NAFLD. Conclusion:The prevalence of NAFLD was found high. T2DM patients with longer duration of the diabetes and females were found to have a greater risk for NAFLD.
Despite decades of global promotion, decentralization and participatory forest management have consistently failed to achieve sustainable and inclusive outcomes in developing countries. Ethiopia exemplifies this paradox, experiencing persistent deforestation and the marginalization of local communities despite a century of forest legislation across successive political regimes and pioneering participatory forest management initiatives. Existing research has examined technical and socio-economic drivers of forest governance challenges but has largely overlooked the enduring influence of historical institutional legacies that shape governance outcomes. This study investigates why sustainable and equitable forest governance has repeatedly failed in Ethiopia, focusing on the persistence and reconfiguration of path-dependent institutional features and their effects on governance outcomes. Through a systematic analysis of secondary data from the late 19th century to the present, the research examines the evolution, persistence, and governance effects of key institutional structures shaping forest management outcomes. The findings reveal that despite surface-level political transformations, foundational institutions and extractive practices have remained largely resilient. This institutional persistence creates a vicious cycle where formal reforms are systematically subverted by entrenched legacies, explaining the consistent failure of reforms. The study concludes that effective forest governance reform in Ethiopia and similar contexts must move beyond technical policy design to actively dismantle these resilient, path-dependent institutional structures. Future research and policy interventions should incorporate explicit strategies for institutional disruption at critical junctures and engage deeply with the historical roots of present-day power imbalances to enable genuine transition.
