Combinations of additive manufacturing methods such as inkjet printing and various 3D printing techniques have led to advances in customizable electronic devices by reducing the need for the complex assembly of individually fabricated components. Such combinations are particularly attractive for the fabrication of electrochemical sensing platforms, where the sizes and spatial configurations of electrodes enable (or limit) the sensitivity of the sensors. However, to realize the potential of the combined fabrication methods, the parameters of each printing technique must be mutually compatible. For instance, electrochemical sensing assemblies consisting of inkjet-printed metals on 3D-printed plastics require post-processing steps that convert nanoparticular metals in precursor ink to conformal, mechanically stable, conductive films with negligible alteration to the underlying plastic substrate. While traditional sintering techniques convert inks to conductive metal films, the use of high temperatures are not compatible with structures printed via fused deposition modeling, for instance. In this proof-of-concept study, commercial gold inks were inkjet-printed onto 3D-printed poly(lactic acid) (PLA) substrates. Optimization of the printing parameters and IR sintering resulted in stable, electrochemically active working electrodes. Surface characterization via scanning electron microscopy confirmed the formation of a homogeneous coating, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data revealed the presence of gold on the surface. Electrical characterization via a four-point probe demonstrated a low sheet resistance, indicating the suitability of these electrodes for electrochemical measurements. Electrochemical data revealed that these gold electrodes are electrochemically active, and the diffusion-limited behavior of a redox probe was observed as expected. Additionally, these electrodes were tested for detecting lead in standard solutions, showing a linear response to lead concentrations, which indicates their potential in sensing applications. However, the detection range is significantly higher than the EPA-approved limit for lead concentrations in water, suggesting that electrode sensitivity requires further improvement. These findings have implications for fabricating inkjet-printed gold electrodes as sensors while highlighting the need for additional modifications to meet regulatory detection limits for heavy metal analysis.
Precision measurements of observables in neutron beta decay are used to test the standard model description of the weak interaction and search for evidence of new physics. The Nab experiment at the Fundamental Neutron Physics Beamline at the Spallation Neutron Source was constructed to measure correlations in neutron decay by utilizing an asymmetric spectrometer and novel detection system to accurately reconstruct the proton momentum and electron energy for each beta decay. This work describes the detection of neutron beta-decay products in the Nab spectrometer and presents the first full Dalitz plot representation of the phase space of neutron beta decay for all electrons >100 keV. In addition, new constraints are placed on a possible excited neutron state, hypothesized to explain the disagreement between the appearance and disappearance neutron lifetime techniques.
Secondary English instruction often reduces literary analysis to fixed interpretations that overlook the dialogic nature of narrative and adolescent identity development. This article argues that Dialogical Self Theory (DST) provides a powerful framework for restoring literature's polyphonic richness and fostering inquiry-driven classroom practice. Drawing on Bakhtin's multivoiced novel and Hermans's conception of the self as a dynamic configuration of I-positions, DST enables students to examine how characters negotiate competing voices, social discourses, and situated experiences of authenticity. Through pedagogical demonstrations using Julius Caesar and American Born Chinese, I show how students collaboratively map internal and external positions, analyse power dynamics, and adopt meta-positions that deepen interpretive flexibility and support identity work. DST also benefits teachers by offering language to navigate the multiple, often competing professional roles they inhabit. Integrating DST into English instruction positions literary analysis as a relational, socially situated process that strengthens both student inquiry and teacher resilience.
Customer-to-customer (C2C) misbehavior is prevalent in tourism services, undermining tourists’ experiences and posing a significant management challenge due to its contagious nature. While frontline employee (FLE) intervention is critical for service recovery, the efficacy of different strategies remains underexplored. This study examines two types of normative appeals: descriptive appeals (emphasizing behavioral prevalence) and injunctive appeals (emphasizing rule enforcement). Across four experiments, the findings show that injunctive appeals such as enforcing rules or issuing warnings significantly increase bystanders compliance. Furthermore, individual differences in perceptions of organizational motives moderate these effects, as consumers with high levels of cynicism respond more positively to injunctive appeals. These findings refine the “customer-first” doctrine by demonstrating that rule-based interventions more effectively restore order and achieve genuine customer-centricity than undue accommodation. Over, this study advances theoretical understanding of bystander cognition and behavior in service encounters and provides actionable guidance for FLEs dealing with C2C misbehavior.
Glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness and often advances without symptoms. This PRISMA/PICOS–guided systematic review synthesizes 100 studies (to January 2025) on artificial intelligence (AI) for glaucoma detection, staging, and monitoring using color fundus photography (CFP), optical coherence tomography (OCT), and OCT angiography (OCTA). Roughly 45
