Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) has emerged as one of the most practical and scalable technologies for fabricating large metal components. With high deposition rate and cost efficiency, WAAM is increasingly used in aerospace, marine, and other high-value industries. Conventional WAAM systems, based on commercial welding equipment and industrial robots, are limited in controlling material microstructure, mechanical properties, and geometric accuracy. As the demands for higher performance in fabricated parts continue to rise, process-oriented system innovations have become a key development trend. These modifications directly manipulate arc behaviour, wire feeding, thermal fields, and in-situ deformation, providing more effective regulation of molten pool dynamics and solidification patterns. Approaches such as multi-wire feeding, hybrid arc-laser configurations, external field assistance, and in-situ thermal or mechanical treatments have achieved improved structural uniformity, reduced defects, and higher deposition efficiency. Despite this rapid progress, the diversity and complexity of independently developed systems have led to a fragmented research landscape. This review synthesizes these innovations, evaluates their mechanisms and effectiveness, and maps them to key research objectives. It then provides critical insights of current research, discusses existing issues and highlights future opportunities to guide the development of high-performance, structurally reliable, and industrially deployable WAAM systems.
Limbic-predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy (LATE) is a neurodegenerative disease marked by TDP-43 proteinopathy, affecting approximately one-third of individuals aged 80 and above. LATE neuropathological change (LATE-NC) is characterized by the accumulation of phosphorylated TDP-43 preferentially in the limbic system, with potential extension to the neocortex and other brain regions. Notably, the anatomic pattern of LATE-NC differs from that seen in frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43-immunoreactive inclusions (FTLD-TDP). LATE-NC can occur in a “pure” form but more commonly exists alongside other dementia-related comorbidities, including both degenerative and vascular pathologies. When those “mixed” pathologies are factored in, LATE contributes significantly to cognitive decline in human populations. However, LATE currently lacks a molecular-specific diagnostic method for definitive diagnosis in living people. There are new consensus-based guidelines for predicting the presence of either pure LATE-NC or LATE-NC combined with Alzheimer’s disease neuropathologic change (ADNC). Aimed at developing more specific diagnostic methods, recent research efforts have been directed toward identifying unique features on neuroimaging and molecular signatures in biological fluids such as blood and cerebrospinal fluid to facilitate clinical diagnosis for LATE. This review discusses current progress in molecular understanding of LATE-NC, the search for biomarkers for LATE, and highlights key gaps that need to be addressed to advance early detection and improve patient management and clinical trial stratification.
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS) develop Alzheimer's disease neuropathological change (ADNC) by the age of 40 years, and most develop dementia by their early 50s. The frequency of co-pathologies in clinically and neuropathologically characterized adults with DS has not been systematically characterized. We characterized the frequency of ADNC and common co-pathologies, including cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA), Lewy pathology (LP), limbic predominant age-related TDP-43 encephalopathy neuropathological change (LATE-NC), hippocampal sclerosis (HS), and other cerebrovascular and macroscopic findings reported in standardized National Alzheimer’s Coordinating Center (NACC) neuropathology forms in 63 adults with DS over 40 years. A secondary exploratory objective was to compare the neuropathological profiles between individuals with (n = 55) and without (n = 8) dementia from the same autopsy cohort. In the full autopsy cohort, cortical and hippocampal atrophy, and moderate-to-severe locus coeruleus hypopigmentation was a common finding. Pure ADNC, was present in only 29
This study investigates the dual function of the endophytic bacterium Bacillus subtilis strain DWA as a biocontrol agent against Pythium aphanidermatum and a growth promoter in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants. In vitro, antagonistic assays revealed that B. subtilis DWA inhibited P. aphanidermatum growth by 46
