Eskom is a South African electricity public utility. It was established in 1923 as the Electricity Supply Commission (ESCOM) and also known by its Afrikaans name Elektrisiteitsvoorsieningskommissie (EVKOM), by the South African government and people of the Republic of South Africa in terms of the Electricity Act (1922). South Africa became a republic in the 1960s. Eskom represents South Africa in the Southern African Power Pool. The utility is the largest producer of electricity in Africa, and was among the top utilities in the world in terms of generation capacity and sales, but has since slipped in both categories. It is the largest of South Africa's state owned enterprises. Eskom operates a number of notable power stations, including Matimba Power Station and Medupi Power Station in Lephalale, Kusile Power Station in Witbank, Kendal Power Station, and Koeberg Nuclear Power Station in the Western Cape Province, the only nuclear power plant in Africa.The company is divided into Generation, Transmission and Distribution divisions, and together Eskom generates approximately 95% of electricity used in South Africa, amounting to ~45% used in Africa, and emits 42% of South Africa's total greenhouse gas emissions. By releasing 1.6 million tons of sulfur dioxide into the air in 2019, Eskom is also the largest emitter of sulfur dioxide in the power industry in the world. In 2019, it was announced that Eskom was to be split up into three distinct nationally owned entities due to huge debts and poor reliability of supply.At the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference, a deal was announced for rich countries to fund South Africa's transition from coal power to renewable energy. However, employment in the mining sector threatens this transition.
The uneven distribution of the baby incubator temperature can cause the temperature in the baby incubator to be different at each point. The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of the door closed and opened to the temperature at each point of sensor placement that has been determined. The study was conducted as an experimental research design. In this experiment, an Incu Analyzer comparison was used as a calibrator unit, a baby skin temperature thermistor sensor, and four LM35 sensors for baby incubator room temperature with one LM35 sensor as a PID control system carried out by trial-and-error method. Based on the results of measurements was made with the design, when the chamber is open, it produces an average error value of T1 4.083%, T2 6.06%, T3 3.78%, T4 4.88%, and T5 1.48%, while when the chamber is closed, it produces an average error value T1 0.75. %, T2 0.88%, T3 1.15%, T4 0.74%, and T5 0.87%. Measurement of skin temperature using a thermometer has an average error value of 1.1%. The results showed that uneven heat transfer, lack of air distribution, different sensor placements at each point, and non-standard chamber sizes were factors that were uneven at each point. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the use of a working system on this device can be implemented to control the temperature of the baby incubator by knowing the temperature distribution at each point
Electrosurgery Unit is some machine to human body surgery. Electrosurgery Unit is uses a high frequency to human body tissue surgery, that causes blood who came out can be dicrease during surgery. When using a conventional scalpel is something that is highly avoided because it will cause contraindications to lack of blood which will be very dangerous for the patient. The purpose of this study is to design a tool that is used to replace a conventional scalpel with a tool that utilizes high frequency (400 KHz) generated by the oscillator circuit. In this study. The researches used Monopolar method and used two modes Cutting and Coagulation in order to eliminate faradic effects on body tissues causes high frequency, there is the high frequency will be adjusted to the duty cycle which aims to obtain various types of surgery required by doctor which is cutting 100% on and coagulation 6% on 94% off where is set it with arduino program. In this study, the researchers took advantage of the type of heat effect produced by high frequencies which were concentrated at one point so that it could be used to carry out the process of surgery on body tissues so as to minimize the occurrence of large blood loss. The result of this study is will be centered at one point on an object there is show up the depth difference of the cutting mode and the wide large difference of the coagulation mode. The module design resulted the power lowest at 300Ohm ESU Analyzer setting is 30Watt and the highest at 300Ohm setting too is 68Watt. The module design resulted the power lowest at 300Ohm ESU Analyzer setting is 30Watt and the highest at 300Ohm setting too is 68Watt at mode Cutting and the highest and lowest Coagulation mode using impedance setting the same there is 300 Ohm is constant 3Watt power result’s. The weaknesses at this research is the power still lower then the Electrosurgery Unit where is in the hospital. It can be fix for the next research using increase the final amplifier and maybe increase the frequency where is gonna make the voltage of the final amplifier be much better then this research
The current energy mix model of South Africa is centred around coal-fired power plants which make up over 80% of the total power generation capacity in South Africa. In recent years, the performance of coal-fired power plants has deteriorated drastically; hence some are in the process of being decommissioned. This has led to roll-out load shedding to manage the energy supply and demand, protecting the grid from collapsing. To address this supply-demand inequality, this paper explores the feasibility of re-purposing the existing coal-fired power plants targeted for possible decommissioning for deploying Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). The SMRs are attractive because of their size and footprint; they could be placed in brownfield sites as replacements for decommissioned coal-fired power plants. Presented in this paper is a preliminary assessment of the existing framework, geographical information system, available scientific data, infrastructure requirements, industrial capacity and the current suitability gaps in coal-fired power station sites that could inhibit the deployment of modular reactors. When selecting sites for retired coal-fired power stations, it is essential to follow a consistent approach that aligns with generic nuclear regulations considering site qualifications and sensitivity criteria.
The energy and power industry conventionally depends on large-scale turbomachinery to meet the ever-growing global energy demands. However, unplanned in-service failures remain a threat to sustainability with safety and economic consequences. The laser shock surface treatment technique is being considered a competitive alternative in mitigating crack initiation and growth, wear and fatigue of industrial components such as turbine blades. This paper presents the modelling and optimization of laser shock treatment parameters using numerical methods and commercial codes such as ABAQUS® and MATLAB®. Model-based process optimization parameters for the induction of global optimum compressive residual stress distribution in laser-worked Chromium-12 based high strength steel alloy (X12Cr) turbine blade is established, showing parametric combinations of inputs variables within the domain under investigation, yielding maximized CRS outputs. A hierarchy of significance of the input parameters to the laser shock peening process for stress induction has also been put forward as an outcome of this study. The capacity to predict and analyze outcomes before actual treatment of the components is beneficial and imperative to cutting costs, downtimes and other economic losses associated with unplanned failure of these components.
In this paper the Eskom standard for earthing of pole mounted equipment is elaborated on and the design principles to calculate the earth electrode based on imported soil. The paper also compared the results before and after the study. The paper also compared the trench volumes to ensure that the outcome of the study is cost effective. The study demonstrated that there was a great improvement of the earth electrode.
