Despite the increased international attention to whale shark conservation, their populations remain predominantly depleted due to anthropogenic activities such as fishing, ship collisions, and marine pollution. Reports of whale shark strandings in Indonesia have been increasing in recent years, elevating concerns regarding their well-being and the potential disturbance to their population recovery. However, limited understanding of stranding patterns, trends, and the oceanographic factors potentially driving these events has resulted in efforts focusing primarily on responding to strandings rather than implementing effective mitigation strategies. Using a 13-year stranding dataset (n = 115) obtained from open-access databases, reports, news, and publications, we examined the characteristics of stranding cases in Indonesia, including population demographics, where hotspots occur, and whether their occurrence is related to oceanographic dynamics in the region. Our study highlights significant population-level disturbances, with 70% of stranded individuals being large juveniles (4–7 m). It also documented a positive interannual trend in stranding cases (R² = 0.67, p < 0.01). The southern coast of Java has emerged as a stranding hotspot, with events seasonally associated with strong upwelling, likely related to the seasonal foraging activities of whale sharks in the region. Although natural events were identified as the main factors contributing to whale shark strandings, anthropogenic activities may also play an important role and require further investigation.
Supplier encroachment often increases carbon emission due to the addition of distribution channels. However, suppliers may claim to reduce emissions without undertaking genuine mitigation efforts. This study develops a principal–agent framework in which the retailer (principal) offers the supplier (agent) a menu of contracts defined by an indirect-channel order quantity and a wholesale price. The supplier selects a contract option consistent with its (possibly hidden) carbon emission reduction (CER) effort, determines the direct-channel quantity, and reports the level of reduced emissions. These channel quantities then determine the prices in each channel. Numerical examinations reveal that, when a supplier falsely claims CER, the distrusting retailer reduces its orders by 64
This study aims to map the conceptual and social structures of investment-related research on Millennial (Gen Y) and Generation Z (Gen Z) investors, examine the factors influencing their investment decisions, identify strategies to foster sustainable investment behavior, and propose future research directions. The study is both timely and significant, as Millennials and Gen Z are expected to dominate the investment landscape; however, no comprehensive synthesis has yet been conducted to understand their behavior across cultural contexts, particularly between Eastern and Western societies. Methodologically, this study employs a systematic literature review and bibliometric analysis of peer-reviewed journal articles indexed in Scopus and the Web of Science (WoS), guided by the Scientific Procedures and Rationales for Systematic Literature Reviews (SPAR-4-SLR) protocol. The reviewed papers are classified into four typologies: Western Gen Y, Western Gen Z, Eastern Gen Y, and Eastern Gen Z. The results reveal the conceptual and social structures for each typology, highlighting both the types of investments and the influencing factors. Strategies to promote sustainable investment and directions for future research are identified within each typology. Across contexts, four determinants consistently emerge as central to investment decisions among Millennials and Gen Z: behavioral biases, financial literacy, digital technology-related factors, and sociocultural values.
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is considered an eco-friendly oxidizing agent because it can decompose into water and oxygen in water. H2O2 has been implemented in the lignocellulosic delignification-bleaching through lignin degradation or dye by reactive radical species, improving cellulose yield, changing fiber properties, and enhancing the whiteness index. However, the conventional process requires high temperatures and extended durations, which risk fiber damage, high energy consumption, and economic losses. To improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the H2O2, fiber processing systems can be combined using alkaline-peroxide, microwave-assisted, photocatalyzed with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, tetraacetyl ethylenediamine (TAED)-activated, complex metal-catalyzed (e.g., Mn, Cu, and Fe), TBBC and TBCC-activated, glycerol triacetate, acetylated starch, and other combinations (e.g., tetraacetylhydrazine, potassium persulfate, sucrose octaacetate, cyanamide, liquid ammonia, or manganese acetate). This article presents the route and mechanisms for improving the H2O2 oxidation performance in fiber fabrication processes. The impact of H2O2 discharge into the environment and future challenges are also discussed for sustainable and responsible manufacturing. In conclusion, improved H2O2 systems in fiber delignification-bleaching have higher performance effectiveness and efficiency than conventional methods. However, the disposal of residual H2O2 to the environment requires attention.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis implikasi peralihan hak atas Lahan Sawah Dilindungi (LSD) terhadap alih fungsi tanah di Kota Payakumbuh dalam perspektif hukum agraria. Latar belakang penelitian ini didasarkan pada fenomena meningkatnya alih fungsi lahan sawah menjadi penggunaan non-pertanian yang mengancam ketahanan pangan, meskipun pemerintah telah menetapkan kebijakan perlindungan melalui penetapan LSD sesuai Peraturan Presiden Nomor 59 Tahun 2019 dan Keputusan Menteri ATR/BPN Nomor 1589/SK-HK.02.01/XII/2021. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode yuridis empiris dengan sifat deskriptif analitis, di mana data primer diperoleh melalui wawancara dengan pejabat Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN), Notaris/PPAT, dan Dinas Pertanian, sedangkan data sekunder diperoleh melalui studi kepustakaan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: (1) penetapan LSD dilakukan melalui tahapan verifikasi, sinkronisasi, dan penetapan peta LSD; (2) peralihan hak atas tanah LSD memerlukan rekomendasi perubahan penggunaan tanah yang sesuai dengan Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah (RTRW), namun terdapat kendala administratif berupa ketidakpastian waktu penerbitan rekomendasi; dan (3) implikasi hukumnya meliputi kepastian hukum yang lemah, peran krusial Notaris/PPAT dalam mencegah transaksi tanpa izin, serta keterbatasan perlindungan hukum bagi pemilik lahan. Kesimpulannya, regulasi terkait perlindungan LSD telah diatur secara normatif, namun implementasinya masih menghadapi hambatan koordinasi antarinstansi, kurangnya sosialisasi, dan lemahnya pengawasan, sehingga diperlukan perbaikan tata kelola perizinan dan peningkatan pengawasan agar tujuan perlindungan lahan sawah dapat tercapai secara efektif.
