Supplier encroachment often increases carbon emission due to the addition of distribution channels. However, suppliers may claim to reduce emissions without undertaking genuine mitigation efforts. This study develops a principal–agent framework in which the retailer (principal) offers the supplier (agent) a menu of contracts defined by an indirect-channel order quantity and a wholesale price. The supplier selects a contract option consistent with its (possibly hidden) carbon emission reduction (CER) effort, determines the direct-channel quantity, and reports the level of reduced emissions. These channel quantities then determine the prices in each channel. Numerical examinations reveal that, when a supplier falsely claims CER, the distrusting retailer reduces its orders by 64
Despite the increased international attention to whale shark conservation, their populations remain predominantly depleted due to anthropogenic activities such as fishing, ship collisions, and marine pollution. Reports of whale shark strandings in Indonesia have been increasing in recent years, elevating concerns regarding their well-being and the potential disturbance to their population recovery. However, limited understanding of stranding patterns, trends, and the oceanographic factors potentially driving these events has resulted in efforts focusing primarily on responding to strandings rather than implementing effective mitigation strategies. Using a 13-year stranding dataset (n = 115) obtained from open-access databases, reports, news, and publications, we examined the characteristics of stranding cases in Indonesia, including population demographics, where hotspots occur, and whether their occurrence is related to oceanographic dynamics in the region. Our study highlights significant population-level disturbances, with 70% of stranded individuals being large juveniles (4–7 m). It also documented a positive interannual trend in stranding cases (R² = 0.67, p < 0.01). The southern coast of Java has emerged as a stranding hotspot, with events seasonally associated with strong upwelling, likely related to the seasonal foraging activities of whale sharks in the region. Although natural events were identified as the main factors contributing to whale shark strandings, anthropogenic activities may also play an important role and require further investigation.
In biomedical applications, precise monitoring of oxygen (O₂) is crucial, as abnormal oxygen levels can lead to severe physiological conditions such as respiratory failure and oxygen toxicity. Optical oxygen sensors have emerged as a promising alternative to conventional electrochemical sensors due to their non-invasive nature, high sensitivity, and rapid response. Oxygen-sensitive fluorophores, such as Ruthenium(II) complexes [Ru(dpp)₃]2⁺, known for their excellent photostability and distinctive red emission, are widely employed in fluorescence quenching mechanisms within these sensors. However, traditional polymer-based matrices often exhibit poor mechanical stability and limited oxygen permeability, highlighting the need for advanced materials and structural innovations. To enhance its photoluminescent properties, a cellulose acetate (CA) matrix doped with Ru(dpp)₃2⁺ was integrated with anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), resulting in a novel optical oxygen sensor. AgNPs amplify fluorescence through localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects, while AAO provides a highly porous structure that facilitates efficient oxygen diffusion and the immobilization of fluorophores. Photoluminescence measurements under 405 nm LED excitation revealed a distinct red emission peak within the 580–610 nm range. Exhibiting a sensitivity factor of 34, the sensor demonstrated a linear response to oxygen concentrations from 0 to 100
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is considered an eco-friendly oxidizing agent because it can decompose into water and oxygen in water. H2O2 has been implemented in the lignocellulosic delignification-bleaching through lignin degradation or dye by reactive radical species, improving cellulose yield, changing fiber properties, and enhancing the whiteness index. However, the conventional process requires high temperatures and extended durations, which risk fiber damage, high energy consumption, and economic losses. To improve the efficiency and effectiveness of the H2O2, fiber processing systems can be combined using alkaline-peroxide, microwave-assisted, photocatalyzed with ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, tetraacetyl ethylenediamine (TAED)-activated, complex metal-catalyzed (e.g., Mn, Cu, and Fe), TBBC and TBCC-activated, glycerol triacetate, acetylated starch, and other combinations (e.g., tetraacetylhydrazine, potassium persulfate, sucrose octaacetate, cyanamide, liquid ammonia, or manganese acetate). This article presents the route and mechanisms for improving the H2O2 oxidation performance in fiber fabrication processes. The impact of H2O2 discharge into the environment and future challenges are also discussed for sustainable and responsible manufacturing. In conclusion, improved H2O2 systems in fiber delignification-bleaching have higher performance effectiveness and efficiency than conventional methods. However, the disposal of residual H2O2 to the environment requires attention.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer among women worldwide, with its incidence increasing, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Breastfeeding has been proposed as a modifiable protective factor, but conflicting evidence exists regarding the relationship between breastfeeding duration and breast cancer risk, warranting further investigation. This meta-analysis, conducted according to the PRISMA guidelines, included observational studies published in English between March 2014 and April 2024 and focused on case‒control and cohort studies. Literature searches were conducted via the EBSCO, PubMed, and Scopus databases. Studies were selected on the basis of the availability of odds ratios (ORs) or relative risks (RRs) with 95
