Evonik运营范围主要由8个业务部门组成，这些业务部门就像企业内部的独立公司一样直接向管理层报告。以创造可持续的长期经济效益和盈利性增长为核心，通过清晰有效且卓尔不群的价值管理方式经营着集团。
This experiment investigated the effects of dietary supplementation with GutPlus® Virsorb probiotic on piglets infected with porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Seventy-two Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire weaned piglets (21 days of age, 5.51 ± 0.44 kg) were randomly divided into: the CON1 group (negative control, basal diet), the CON2 group (positive control, basal diet), and the GutPlus® Virsorb group (basal diet + 500 g/t GutPlus® Virsorb). At 28 days of age, piglets in the CON2 and GutPlus® Virsorb groups received 40 mL PEDV (8.58 × 108 copies/mL) orally, while the CON1 group received an equivalent volume of sterile saline. The experiment lasted until 60 days of age. Dietary supplementation with GutPlus® Virsorb ameliorated the decrease in the average daily feed intake (ADFI) and the average daily gain (ADG) caused by PEDV infection. Compared with the CON2 group, GutPlus® Virsorb increased jejunal mucosa GPX and decreased jejunal mucosa MDA. Additionally, GutPlus® Virsorb decreased the mRNA expressions of IFN-β, TNF-α, and IL-6 in the jejunal mucosa. Compared to the CON2 group, GutPlus® Virsorb increased relative abundances of Lactobacillus, Prevotella, Akkermansia, and Butyricicoccus_A, while the relative abundance of Clostridium_P and Clostridium_T was reduced. In addition, GutPlus® Virsorb significantly increased the relative quantitative values of cis-cyclo (leucyl-tyrosyl), oxyphenbutazone, callicarpic acid B, and tilisolol. In conclusion, GutPlus® Virsorb improved the growth performance of PEDV-infected piglets, alleviated inflammation and intestinal damage by improving immunity, reduced PEDV copy number, increased antioxidant capacity, and improved gut microbiota structure and metabolite properties, showing a good protective effect against PEDV infection.
Pipelines buried in the seabed have been used as one of the basic infrastructures in the oil and gas industry for many years. However, these infrastructures may face challenging hydro-geotechnical engineering problems, such as soil liquefaction, under cyclic loads caused by earthquakes or waves, especially when buried in loose and fine seabed soil. In this study, wave-induced residual liquefaction around a buried cylindrical structure (pipelines) in a backfilled trench is studied by means of a numerical model developed on the OpenFOAM (foam-extend 4.1) platform. First, the model is validated against experimental data from flume tests. Then, the model is used to parametrically study the effect of backfilled trench on liquefaction susceptibility of the seabed around the pipelines. The results, among others, show that the risk of wave-induced liquefaction around cylindrical structures increases significantly if loosely backfilled and low-permeability soil is used. The findings indicate that, for the backfill soil, a permeability greater than O(10-5) m/s, combined with a medium-dense to dense state, significantly enhances resistance to wave-induced liquefaction around the pipeline.
Poorly soluble low toxicity particles (PSLT) have long been a concept in particle toxicology and regulatory frameworks addressing inhalation hazards. The term PSLT refers to particles that exhibit low toxicity and minimal solubility in biological fluids, leading to prolonged retention in the lungs and potential overload effects. Historically, PSLT has been used to distinguish materials whose adverse effects are primarily driven by particle burden rather than intrinsic chemical toxicity. While the "low toxicity" (LT) component of the definition has been examined to a certain degree (Driscoll and Borm in Inhal Toxicol 32(2):53-62, 2020), the poorly soluble (PS)-criterion does not yet have a precise definition although it is critically influencing the interpretation of toxicological inhalation repeated dose studies and hazard classifications. An ECETOC Task Force (TF) was formed to define criteria for "poorly soluble" particles (PSPs). This paper presents a quantitative non-animal approach for defining PSP using a model particle, with a focus on its potential to cause volumetric lung overload and affect macrophage clearance mechanisms. The analysis allows to calculate a dissolution rate that would lead to a lung burden of about 1 µL/g of lung tissue (lung overload threshold according to Morrow (Morrow in Fundam Appl Toxicol 10(3):369, 1988)). Below this threshold dissolution rate, this specific model particle would qualify as PSP. In addition, a formula was presented to translate abiotic dissolution rates into biotic (rat) dissolution rates to allow a PS-assessment in an animal-free system. As proof of concept, the TF collected existing in vivo data from member companies, publicly available literature of presumed PS-substances, and reference materials. The collected data revealed that most substances exhibited dissolution rates below the critical threshold and that the lung burden at no observed adverse effect concentrations (NOAECs) remained below the lung overload limit. Importantly, this threshold dissolution rate can differ from particle to particle, depending on factors such as agglomerate density, particle size distribution, and expected concentration. Thus, it should be evaluated on a case-by-case basis.
Cobalt carbonyls are crucial for the 100% atom-economical hydroformylation of alkenes. While traditional industrial processes require harsh conditions (100-400 bar, 100 degrees C-250 degrees C), our work explores catalyst performance under significantly milder, energy-efficient parameters. Using in situ Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy complemented by density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we present a comprehensive investigation into the stability and interconversion of the active species, HCo(CO)4, and its precursors, Co2(CO)8 and Co4(CO)12. We establish that HCo(CO)4 is stable at pressures as low as 10 bar and 120 degrees C. For the first time, we directly monitored the catalyst's formation from various sources, including Co4(CO)12, Co(acac)2, and Co(OAc)2. The activation mechanism of a cationic bisphosphine Co(II) precursor is also elucidated. This research provides a critical foundation for analyzing and optimizing cobalt-based catalysts, paving the way for more sustainable industrial processes.
