Fasa University of Medical Sciences

Gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are a key element of nanomedicine, providing flexible tools for cancer diagnosis and treatment. While their general properties and uses are well-known, this review offers a focused and updated overview of several less-explored areas. We pay special attention to the complex, dual role of AuNP-induced autophagy in cancer cell survival and the important effects of pharmacokinetic and immunological factors, such as size, shape, aspect ratio (AR), and surface roughness, on treatment effectiveness and safety. We analyze the biological outcomes of AuNPs made through chemical methods compared to "green" methods, showing how different synthesis approaches can lead to nanoparticles that promote apoptosis or necrosis. Additionally, this work reviews the clinical application of AuNP-based treatments, discussing important clinical trials and ongoing issues with biocompatibility, targeting efficiency, and regulatory approval. Finally, we look at new developments, including the use of AuNPs with advanced physical methods, such as TTFields, and the exciting potential of AuNPs in designing nanovaccines for personalized nanomedicine. By linking these important topics, this review seeks to connect basic research with the clinical application of AuNP-based cancer treatments.

Antimicrobial and anticancer drug resistance is an increasing concern, driving interest in plant-based nanoformulations. Here, we developed and compared nanoemulsions containing Eucalyptus globulus essential oil (EO), Laurus nobilis EO, and their main constituent, 1,8-cineole. Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) revealed 1,8-cineole content of 49.5

Statins are the most widely prescribed class of drugs for cardiovascular (CV) disease (CVD) prevention due to their potent lipid-lowering effects. However, accumulating evidence demonstrates additional cardioprotective properties of statins mediated through pleiotropic mechanisms unrelated to cholesterol modulation. We aimed to discuss the pleiotropic effects of statins and their relevance to clinical outcomes in 2 reviews: Part I focuses on anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects of statins, whereas Part II on statin-induced endothelial function improvement, plaque stabilization and anti-thrombotic effects. Part II also includes a clinical applications and future directions section. A literature search was conducted in Embase, Scopus, web of science, PubMed and Cochrane Library databases for experimental and clinical studies investigating the effects of statins on inflammation, oxidative stress and immune function. Statins exert potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities that can be linked to reduced CV events. Statins confer cardio protection via diverse pleiotropic pathways distinct from cholesterol modulation. Future directions involve optimizing regimens to maximize clinical benefits, addressing controversies, and exploring statins' therapeutic potential beyond CVD through non-lipid mechanisms. A comprehensive understanding of statins' pleiotropic profile will uncover new preventive strategies and therapeutic applications.

Demyelinating diseases disrupt neural signaling through immune-mediated myelin damage, leading to sensory, motor, and cognitive deficits, particularly in multiple sclerosis (MS). The blood-brain barrier (BBB) limits drug delivery to the central nervous system (CNS), restricting therapies like fingolimod, which manage inflammation but do not support remyelination. Plant-based nanoparticles (NPs) with phytochemicals offer biocompatible, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and neuroprotective advantages, presenting alternatives for treatment. This review explores the therapeutic potential of plant-based NPs in MS using demyelination models such as experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and cuprizone. Preclinical studies suggest that plant-based NPs alleviate neuroinflammation and facilitate remyelination by crossing the BBB through receptor-mediated transcytosis. Nevertheless, challenges emerge from variability in phytochemical compositions, distinct gaps contingent upon the models employed, an absence of data from all demyelination models, and inadequate behavioral assessments, all of which impede progress. Plant-based NPs demonstrate promise in addressing issues related to the BBB and MS pathology. To advance this, high-throughput screening of phytochemicals, standardized synthesis processes, and thorough behavioral studies in chronic models are crucial. Furthermore, addressing regulatory challenges will enable the clinical application of sustainable, patient-focused treatments for MS. By filling current gaps, future studies could fully exploit their potential in treating MS and other demyelinating conditions.

OBJECTIVES:Iron deficiency anemia (IDA) remains the most prevalent form of anemia in children and adolescents globally. In addition to iron (Fe), other trace elements, such as zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and magnesium (Mg), may influence hematopoiesis, yet the extent of their dysregulation in IDA remains unclear. METHODS:We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies assessing the serum levels of Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mg in pediatric IDA populations. The literature was searched in PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science up to January 2025. The data were standardized to consistent units (μmol/L), and pooled weighted mean differences (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. Subgroup, sensitivity, and publication bias analyses were performed. The study protocol was registered online (PROSPERO number: CRD42024578704). RESULTS:Eight articles encompassing twelve datasets and 1105 participants were included. Compared to controls, IDA patients had significantly lower levels of Fe (WMD: -13.07 μmol/L, 95% CI: -16.09 to -10.05), Zn (WMD: -4.33 μmol/L, 95% CI: -5.30 to -3.35), and Mg (WMD: -18.17 μmol/L, 95% CI: -21.00 to -15.33) but higher levels of Cu (WMD: 4.33 μmol/L, 95% CI: 2.21-6.46). High heterogeneity (I² > 95%) was noted for Fe, Zn, and Cu. Subgroup analyses confirmed consistent trends across age, gender, and geography. CONCLUSION:Pediatric IDA is associated with broad alterations in trace elements, highlighting potential roles for Fe, Zn, Cu, and Mg in the pathophysiology of anemia. These findings may inform comprehensive nutritional strategies in managing IDA.