Sandy beach biodiversity is under increasing pressure from anthropogenic stressors across the ocean-land interface, creating an urgent need for cost-effective conservation tools. Umbrella taxa can serve as proxies for co-occurring biodiversity in spatial conservation planning and guide habitat-based conservation actions that benefit broader communities. However, quantitative frameworks for identifying and validating umbrella approaches remain limited. We developed a framework combining co-occurrence potential, rarity, and sensitivity to human modification to assess the umbrella potential of 71 taxa across 30 wave-exposed beach sectors in southeastern Brazil. The resulting portfolio integrated resident arthropods, particularly Cicindelidae and Staphylinidae, with sea turtle nests, shorebirds, and taxa associated with adjacent habitats, notably wrack deposits and coastal vegetation. Umbrella combinations consistently outperformed random sets of equivalent size in taxonomic and spatial coverage. Pairs of selected umbrella taxa achieved high biodiversity representation across relatively few beach sectors. Our results provide a reproducible framework for identifying regional umbrella portfolios, guiding spatial prioritization and potential monitoring of habitat-based conservation outcomes.
In the present work, the A2 Pi u - X2 Pi g (Fox-Duffendack-Barker) electronic transition of the CO+2 molecular ion has been investigated using high-resolution Fourier transform emission spectroscopy in the 20,000-33,000 cm-1 range. A total of 62 bandheads were assigned and rotationally analysed, including 17 subbands subjected to detailed rotational analysis for the first time. This investigation allowed the determination of spectroscopic constants for the 102, 202, 302 and 402 levels of the X2 Pi g ground state, reported here for the first time. Precise wavenumber measurements produced improved molecular constants and band origins, establishing more reliable parameters than those previously available in the literature. Based on this refinement, a comprehensive set of spin-vibronic term values was derived and validated by comparing it with previous results available in the literature.
Background Climate change disproportionately affects socially minoritized populations, but migrants' vulnerability to extreme temperatures remains overlooked. We estimated short-term associations between extreme ambient temperatures and mortality among migrants and non-migrants across Brazil. Methods We linked the 100 Million Brazilian Cohort to mortality and temperature data (2000–2020) and conducted a space-time-stratified case-crossover study analysing the differential effects of extreme temperature on mortality among internal migrants (i.e., Individuals whose state of birth was different from their residence at registration or death) and non-migrants. We used conditional quasi-Poisson regression with distributed lag non-linear model (DLNM) to estimate relative risks (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause non-accidental and cause-specific mortality associated with extreme-cold (1st percentile) and extreme-heat (99th percentile) compared to minimum-mortality-temperature (i.e., the temperature associated with the lowest mortality risk), over 0–20 days in both groups. We further stratified by age, literacy, urbanicity and housing conditions. Findings We included 1,199,636 deaths among internal-migrants (mean age at death = 62.67 years (standard-deviation (SD) = 18.36), with 673,166 (56%) males) and 3,716,900 deaths among non-migrants (57.18 years (SD = 20.31), with 2,135,293 (57%) males). Over 0–20 days, we observed a consistent pattern of higher risks of all-cause, non-accidental mortality among internal-migrants than non-migrants following both extreme-heat (RRMig(95%CI):1.05(1.01–1.10) vs. RRNon-mig:1.01(0.99–1.04)) and extreme-cold (RRMig:1.27(1.22–1.32) vs. RRNon-mig:1.24(1.20–1.28)). Extreme cold-related circulatory mortality (mortality due to diseases of the circulatory system, based on the relevant International Classification of Diseases codes) (I00–I99) was higher among non-migrants (RRMig:1.32(1.20–1.45) vs. RRNon-mig:1.41(1.31–1.51)) while heat-related respiratory mortality (J00–J99) was higher among internal-migrants (RRMig:1.32(1.10–1.58) vs. RRNon-mig:1.06(1.00–1.17)), particularly those illiterate (RRMig:1.84(1.25–2.71) vs. RRNon-mig:1.10(0.89–1.36)). Other subcategories showed greater 95%CI overlap. Interpretation We found internal migrants are likely to experience higher heat-related respiratory mortality than non-migrants particularly low-educated migrants. Our results highlight the need to further consider migrants for targeted climate adaptation policies, with a focus on reducing social inequalities in the place of arrival. Funding The Wellcome Trust.
Abstract Although the classical steady and quasi-steady friction term often overestimates hydraulic head, it remains widely used in water hammer equations to simulate hydraulic transients in piping systems. Its popularity stems from its simple mathematical form and ease of implementation compared to unsteady friction models, particularly in complex networks. Within the method of characteristics (MOC) framework, this classical friction term for turbulent flows is typically integrated using explicit numerical schemes, producing linear finite difference equations that are straightforward and computationally efficient to solve. In contrast, more accurate implicit methods are often avoided due to the perceived need for nonlinear iterative schemes to resolve the resulting equations. This work introduces a unique closed-form analytical solution to the nonlinear algebraic recurrence equation governing discharge in the water hammer problem derived using the Crank–Nicolson approximation of classical turbulent friction. The proposed approach not only delivers second-order accuracy, which is unattainable with conventional explicit approximations, but also remains computationally efficient and robust, offering a superior alternative to existing methods. By evaluating a global normalized absolute error as a function of step size across multiple methods and a representative dimensionless governing parameter, we demonstrate that the improved accuracy offsets the modest increase in central processing unit (CPU) time. Specifically, the proposed methodology consistently reduces global mean errors by up to an order of magnitude compared with other second-order explicit methods, with only approximately a 60% increase in computational cost.
The alignment of port sustainability governance with international maritime policy frameworks requires ports to move beyond compliance-oriented reporting towards substantive climate performance disclosure. This study investigates the evolution of ESG disclosures in Brazilian ports and terminals over 2018-2024, examining whether reporting patterns reflect substantive sustainability integration or legitimacy-oriented discursive alignment. A text-mining approach is applied to 87 sustainability reports issued by the 16 throughput-dominant operators that jointly account for 76.6% of Brazil's cargo throughput. An open mapping analysis extracts the 100 most frequent terms per year and visualises co-occurrence networks using Python and VOSviewer. A controlled vocabulary of 398 search expressions, constructed from established public reference frameworks, validated through independent double coding (Cohen's kappa = 0.88) and corroborated by Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA) topic modelling, measures term frequencies across five ESG dimensions: governance; operational efficiency and safety; climate change and energy transition; social responsibility and stakeholder engagement; and port-city and environmental interface. The findings reveal persistent dominance of governance and Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) compliance vocabulary, while climate-related language remains structurally marginal, a pattern consistent with legitimacy-oriented disclosure and mimetic isomorphism under neo-institutional theory and robust to conglomerate reports, network thresholds and the public-private split. Two findings sharpen the picture: disclosure intensity shows only a weak and statistically non-significant association with port size, indicating that Brazil's largest throughput-dominant operators are not necessarily its climate-reporting leaders; and the governance-over-climate imbalance is widest among public port authorities, precisely where public accountability is greatest. This misalignment with the International Maritime Organization's (IMO) 2050 decarbonisation pathway matters for maritime regulators, and the validated five-cluster taxonomy offers a replicable benchmarking instrument for emerging-economy port systems.
