Breast cancer is the most common malignant tumor in women worldwide. Triple-negative cancers have the worst prognosis, due to the low effectiveness of current therapies. In recent years, research has been conducted on the relationship between inflammatory process and the development of malignant tumors, including breast cancer. One of the elements influencing the inflammatory process is interleukins. These are small protein molecules belonging to the cytokine family that participate in the function of the human immune and hematopoietic systems. Interleukins are still being studied, and this is an area with significant knowledge gaps. More than 60 cytokines have been designated as interleukins over time, but not all of these designations are consistently used or universally accepted. In the available literature, we have only found information on 41. This is the first review to detail all 41 interleukins and their effects on breast cancer development. The review shows that interleukins affect the development of both locally advanced breast cancer and the development of distant metastases, mainly to the bones. Clinical trials are also underway in these areas: some have failed, and others are still ongoing. Due to the lack of success in the use of interleukins in the treatment of breast cancer, the latest strategies are based on combining several elements of the inflammatory process pathway occurring in breast cancer. This can probably bring us closer to therapeutic success in this area.
STUDY AIM:Cancer of the nasal vestibule (CNV) is an underrecognized head and neck malignancy, lacking a distinct ICD-O-3 topography code, and a specific T classification. The goal of this study was to assess which of the currently used T classifications provides the most accurate predictive and discriminatory accuracy. METHODS:The four currently used classifications (UICC Sinonasal, UICC NMSC, Wang and Rome) were assessed in a retrospective multicenter cohort established within the Head & Neck and Skin Groupe Européen de Curiethérapie / European SocieTy for Radiotherapy & Oncology Working Group. Through multivariable disease-specific and recurrence-free survival analyses, it was evaluated which staging system was most valuable. RESULTS:609 CNV cases were retrieved from 21 tertiary care centers. Only the Wang and New Rome systems provided accurate prognostic stratification as they showed diminishing survival rates and increasing hazards of disease-specific death and disease recurrence with each successive T category. Compared to Wang, the New Rome system employs more objective criteria and, since it includes four T categories, it can easily be integrated with cN stage to obtain a specific clinical staging for the CNV, which has also resulted superior compared to the current UICC/AJCC systems in this study. CONCLUSION:The New Rome classification exhibits a superior predictive and descriptive precision compared to the Wang and both UICC/AJCC systems. The New Rome's T category structure would allow an integration into the wider UICC/AJCC system once the nasal vestibule is acknowledged as a different subsite.
Background: European population-based cancer registries (PBCRs) provide the foundation for monitoring skin cancer, yet registration practices and coverage vary, particularly for non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC). Methods: We conducted a narrative review combining descriptive analyses of European Cancer Information System (ECIS) outputs with evidence from the European Network of Cancer Registries (ENCR) Working Group on NMSC and from national reports. A targeted PubMed search (2015-2025) assessed scientific usage of European registry data. Results: Nearly 200 PBCRs operate across about 40 European countries, with heterogeneous structures and timeliness. The ECIS estimated 101,500 incident cutaneous melanomas (CM) in the European Union in 2022. Long-term data from Nordic countries show a tenfold increase in CM incidence over the last six decades, with recent plateauing in younger cohorts. NMSC registration remains inconsistent: some countries record both cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC), others record cSCC only, and several omit NMSC entirely. Consequently, Europe-wide NMSC figures are not available from the ECIS. Global estimates exclude BCC and understate the true burden, which is likely between 1 and 1.6 million incident cases annually in Europe. The PubMed search identified 538 European registry-based publications on skin cancer (2015-2025). Conclusions: Melanoma registration in Europe is robust, but NMSC remains under-registered. Priorities include harmonized definitions and counting rules, better integration of outpatient and pathology data, streamlined EU-level reporting, digital/AI-enabled case ascertainment, and sentinel regions to generate reliable NMSC estimates.
Celiac disease (CD), also known as gluten-sensitive enteropathy, is the most common autoimmune disorder in today’s society. CD is associated with both human leukocyte antigen (HLA) and non-HLA genes. It often coexists with other autoimmune diseases, such as juvenile diabetes and thyroid disease. Diagnosis often relies on biopsy results, but serological tests are also very useful when screening patients suspected of having CD. Although our knowledge of celiac disease seems thorough, the pathogenesis of refractory celiac disease (RCD) is still under research. Treating RCD can be challenging, and it is crucial to provide care in experienced tertiary centers. Treatment may involve dietary and pharmacological approaches, depending on the type of RCD. This reduces the risk of disease progression and alleviates the symptoms. Investigations into other innovative treatment methods are ongoing.
Celem pracy jest przedstawienie sposobu działania oraz praktycznego zastosowania oprogramowania MaximQA (Varian) w rutynowej kontroli jakości obrazowania kV-CBCT na akceleratorze TrueBeam po modernizacji systemu do wersji HyperSight, a także omówienie modułów testów dynamicznych służących do oceny stabilności układów sterowania w warunkach zmiennych parametrów napromieniania. Zaprezentowano, w jaki sposób MaximQA organizuje dane pomiarowe, umożliwia automatyczną analizę wyników w oparciu o wartości referencyjne i tolerancje oraz wspiera monitorowanie zmian w czasie poprzez narzędzia analizy trendów, co ułatwia porównywalną ocenę wyników dla różnych protokołów obrazowania (Head, Thorax, Pelvis, Pelvis Large, Image Gently). W części dotyczącej jakości CBCT omówiono parametry możliwe do ilościowej oceny z wykorzystaniem fantomu QUART, obejmujące m.in.: zgodność geometryczną rekonstrukcji w płaszczyźnie, stabilność skali HU, poziom szumu, jednorodność oraz parametry kontrastowe (CNR, SNR). W części poświęconej testom dynamicznym przedstawiono koncepcję oceny powtarzalności efektu napromieniania na podstawie obrazów EPID z normalizacją do pola referencyjnego, co umożliwia rozróżnienie odchyleń o charakterze lokalnym i globalnym oraz weryfikację synchronizacji ruchu elementów mechanicznych (gantry, kolimator, MLC) z modulacją dawki. Praca stanowi praktyczny opis narzędzi MaximQA wspierający wdrożenie i utrzymanie spójnego programu kontroli jakości dla obrazowania CBCT oraz testów dynamicznych w środowisku TrueBeam/HyperSight.
