Density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT calculations including spin–orbit coupling effects were employed to systematically investigate the photophysical properties of a water-soluble porphyrin derivative, di(4-aminophenyl)-di(4-sulfophenyl)-diphenylporphyrin (TASP), and its hybrid complexes with silver clusters of varying size. Comparative analysis with the prototypical free-base porphyrin H2TPP reveals that molecular functionalization enhances visible-light absorption while maintaining triplet-state energetics favorable for Type-II oxygen sensitization. Hybridization of TASP with Agn (n =1, 2, 3, 4, and 13) clusters produces pronounced size-dependent changes in the excited-state landscape. For the smaller clusters, particularly Ag3, the porphyrin-centered π–π* character of the low-lying excitations is largely preserved, while moderate metal–ligand mixing and the heavy-atom effect lead to enhanced singlet–triplet spin–orbit coupling. In contrast, larger clusters such as Ag₁₃ shift the low-energy excited-state manifold toward cluster/interface-influenced states with very low excitation energies and weak oscillator strengths, together with triplet energies that are unfavorable for efficient Type-II 1O2 sensitization. Natural transition orbital analysis and excited-state energetics reveal a clear relationship between cluster size and the evolution of excited-state character. Quantitative spin–orbit coupling matrix element analysis for TASP and TASP–Ag3 further shows a one- to two-order-of-magnitude enhancement of singlet–triplet coupling upon Ag3 hybridization. These results provide mechanistic insight into how silver cluster size controls the balance between enhanced spin–orbit effects and retention of porphyrin-like photophysical functionality.
Active stabilizer bars are widely used in modern vehicles to enhance roll stability during high-speed cornering. However, most existing studies focus on hydraulic stabilizer bars, whereas the control of electric stabilizer bars, whose dynamics are more nonlinear and sensitive to disturbances, has received far less attention. This paper proposes a novel integrated robust control framework that combines Nonlinear Active Disturbance Rejection Control (NADRC) with Finite-Time Sliding Mode Control (FTSMC), in which the switching gain of the FTSMC law is adaptively adjusted using a fuzzy logic system. The proposed method introduces three key innovations: (i) a fuzzy-based FTSMC strategy that effectively suppresses chattering while preserving fast convergence; (ii) an enhanced disturbance rejection mechanism using an Nonlinear Extended State Observer (NESO) to estimate parameter uncertainties, external disturbances, and the lifting torque; and (iii) refined nonlinear vehicle and stabilizer bar dynamic models to compute the desired control torque. To validate the approach, simulations are performed under multiple high-speed steering conditions, including J-turn and sinusoidal steering inputs, and compared with conventional controllers. The results demonstrate that the proposed controller significantly reduces fluctuations in roll angle, roll rate, and vertical tire force. It also achieves a maximum current tracking error of less than 0.08 A and an RMS error of approximately 0.02 A, while maintaining an observation error of around 0.2
Tra jectory planning for tractor-trailer vehicles (TTVs) presents significant challenges due to their complex characteristics, such as underactuated structures and nonholonomic constraints. This paper proposes a novel time-optimal trajectory planning method based on differential flatness specifically for TTVs. First, a new kinodynamic model for the TTV is established, and its differential flatness property is demonstrated. Building on this foundation, an optimization problem is designed to find time-optimal and kinodynamically feasible trajectories. Finally, a modified model predictive control strategy that incorporates a preview yaw rate reference is employed to track the planned trajectories. The effectiveness of the proposed methodology is verified through various simulations conducted in Matlab/Simulink and Trucksim, and compared across three rigorous criteria: computational efficiency, verification of time optimality, and trajectory quality. Simulation results indicate that our method achieves a 56
This study develops and validates an integrated experimental–numerical framework to predict temperature-dependent formability in Heat-Assisted Single Point Incremental Forming (HA-SPIF) of AA6061 aluminium alloy. Although thermal assistance is known to extend forming limits in incremental forming, accurate fracture prediction remains challenging due to pronounced material anisotropy, severe strain localisation, and complex thermo-mechanical interactions. To address these issues, temperature-dependent fracture forming limit (FFL) curves were experimentally established at 25 °C, 150 °C, and 250 °C using truncated cone and truncated pyramid geometries that reproduce the non-linear strain paths typical of SPIF. Three constitutive hardening laws—Swift, Voce, and Hollomon—were calibrated from temperature-dependent tensile tests and implemented together with the Hill’48-R anisotropic yield criterion within a thermo-mechanical finite element model developed in ABAQUS/Explicit. The experimentally derived FFLs were directly incorporated to enable fracture prediction. Comparative analysis indicates that the Swift hardening law provides the highest predictive accuracy across all investigated temperatures and geometries. The validated model successfully reproduces fracture initiation and temperature-dependent forming limits with good agreement to experimental observations. Experimental results further demonstrate a pronounced improvement in formability with increasing temperature. At 250 °C, the fracture height of truncated cone specimens increases by up to 48
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) remains a major challenge in the treatment ofwound infections, particularly those involving multidrug-resistant bacteria. Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have attracted attention as potentialalternatives to conventional antibiotics; however, individual peptides may exhibit a limited spectrum of activity or undesirable cytotoxicity.Combining AMPs has been suggested as a possible approach to improve efficacy and selectivity In this study, two cationic α-helicalAMPs, MP1-Q12K and BP52, were evaluated individually and in combination. While each peptide exhibited selective antibacterial activity, theircombination showed improved inhibitory effects against Enterococcus faecalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared tosingle treatments. Notably, co-administration did not increase hemolytic activity and showed a slight reduction at higher concentrations. Thepeptides were further incorporated into a film-forming hydrogel spray, which demonstrated sustained antibacterial activity and limited bacterialregrowth under the tested conditions. These findings suggest that combining structurally distinct AMPs may enhance antibacterialactivity while maintaining an acceptable safety profile. The incorporation into a topical formulation indicates potential for further developmentas an alternative approach for managing wound-associated infections.
