We determine all CR maps from the sphere in C3 into the tube over the future light cone in C4. This result leads to a complete characterization of proper holomorphic maps from the three-dimensional unit ball into the classical domain of type IV of dimension four, confirms a conjecture of Reiter–Son from 2022, and settles the case left open in Xiao–Yuan [36] and Reiter–Son [29]. Additionally, we prove a boundary characterization of isometric holomorphic embeddings from a ball into a classical domain of type IV in arbitrary dimensions that is similar to the main result in Huang–Lu–Tang–Xiao [18]. The result is then used to treat a special case in the general characterization.
Pristine graphene is chemically inert, which hinders the chemisorption of precursor molecules in atomic layer deposition (ALD). Surface pretreatment, which generates active sites to facilitate the nucleation and enable the subsequent uniform growth, is crucial for integrating graphene with oxides, metals, and other materials in functional devices. Motivated from a common pretreatment method using oxygen in ALD, this work considers a fundamental problem of an oxygen adatom adsorbed on pristine graphene lattice and provides a comprehensive study of the structure and energetics of this single oxygen adatom on graphene using density functional theory. Based on the calculated electronic structures and phonon spectra, this study shows that, for a pristine structure, there is a low probability that an oxygen adatom can react with other substances, such as ALD precursors, as it is mainly located at the stable bridge site position even at high temperatures and becomes rather inert, while other positions can be more reactive but at higher energy levels. The result is directly related to the effect of the pretreatment process, implying that if the pristine lattice is mostly intact after the oxygen pretreatment, the deposition quality is not optimal. It provides a theoretical understanding of the necessity for introducing damages on graphene after pretreatment to enhance the number of nucleation sites in ALD experiments.
Financial support from urban residents represents a potentially important resource for sustaining and expanding public parks, particularly tree-planting initiatives that contribute to biodiversity and human well-being. This study applies the Granular Interaction Thinking Theory (GITT) and Bayesian inference to examine how residents' perceptions of the consequences of biodiversity loss and their park-visit frequency relate to willingness to donate to tree-planting projects in public parks. Based on survey data from 535 Vietnamese residents, the results indicate that perceived loss of ecological knowledge and more frequent park visitation are associated with higher willingness to donate, whereas perceived health-related losses receive moderate posterior support for a positive association. Perceived reductions in economic growth are positively related to park visitation frequency, which, in turn, is associated with greater willingness to donate. In contrast, perceived losses from nature-based recreation are linked to lower visitation frequency and subsequently weaker willingness to make indirect donations. These findings suggest that communication and engagement strategies that emphasize personally and community-relevant benefits may be associated with stronger financial support intentions for urban tree-planting initiatives. As the study focuses on stated willingness rather than observed financial behavior, the implications pertain to intention-based support rather than realized contributions.
This study aimed to assess the effectiveness of the survivorship programmes by synthesising and analysing the available evidence to enhance health-related quality of life (HRQoL) amongst colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors. Ten English-language databases were searched from inception to June 2025 in this systematic review and meta-analysis. All randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were included. Available data were pooled in a meta-analysis using RevMan (version 5.4.0). Two independent reviewers performed the database searches, extracted the data, assessed the methodological quality by using the Cochrane Risk-of-Bias tool (version 2) and evaluated the overall quality of findings by using Cochrane GRADE. A total of 22 RCTs involving 2949 CRC survivors were identified. The meta-analysis results (thirteen studies) indicated a significant improvement in the physical (standardised mean difference [SMD] = 0.52, 95
Fostering tolerance and inclusiveness in multicultural societies is increasingly important, especially in education. Understanding how parental involvement and school activities shape students' attitudes toward these values is crucial for promoting social cohesion and preparing younger generations for a globalized world. This study examines how parental involvement and multicultural school activities influence Vietnamese students' tolerance and inclusiveness using the Bayesian Mindsponge Framework (BMF) on a sample of 2,069 students. The results show that parental discussions on cultural-historical knowledge, collaboration, and conflict resolution, along with participation in multicultural events, are positively associated with both outcomes. However, item-level analyses reveal uneven development across specific dimensions. Notably, tolerance and inclusiveness decline at higher school levels despite continued exposure, suggesting structural and socio-cultural influences. The study highlights the importance of informational input quality and the combined role of family and school environments in fostering global citizenship and social cohesion.
