Hanover College

Purpose This study aims to examine the benefits, challenges and long-term organizational impact of hiring collegiate athletes. It highlights how their unique skills contribute to corporate social responsibility (CSR), innovation and sustainability. This study offers actionable insights for managers, practical integration strategies and a research agenda to guide future exploration in this emerging area. Design/methodology/approach This study used a systematic literature review to synthesize peer-reviewed research published between 1989 and 2025. Searches were conducted across major academic databases, including Google Scholar, Scopus, Web of Science and EBSCOhost, using Boolean terms related to collegiate athletes, employment, leadership and skill development. A structured screening process guided by PRISMA principles identified 250 initial sources. After removing duplicates and applying inclusion criteria, 120 studies were reviewed in full. The selected literature was thematically categorized into key areas such as leadership development, teamwork, transition challenges and employer perceptions. The review integrates theoretical insights with practical applications to support organizational strategies related to athlete workforce integration. Findings Collegiate athlete hires offer performance-enhancing strengths such as adaptability, collaboration and a competitive drive that enhance organizational culture and performance. However, successful integration requires overcoming biases, supporting transitions and aligning organizational goals with athlete aspirations. Inclusive hiring practices, mentorship and targeted onboarding improve retention and long-term engagement. Athlete hires also align naturally with CSR, DEI and sustainability goals. Originality/value This paper connects collegiate athlete workforce integration to sustainability, CSR and strategic talent development. It offers a framework for aligning athletic experience with business objectives and introduces a practitioner-focused research agenda to close the gap between academic insights and organizational needs.

Generalizations, such as "ducks are birds" and "ducks carry avian flu," are a common way of conveying information about the world, yet their implied prevalence-how broadly they should be applied-can vary widely. To interpret how broadly a generalization should be applied, listeners rely on prior knowledge. Listeners who have considerable experience ("experts") with the subject being discussed may thus interpret a generalization differently than those without such experience ("novices"). In the present study, we investigated the ways in which experts and novices differ in how they interpret generalizations, using the esport League of Legends as a cultural microcosm. In the process, we investigated the extent to which expert listeners discount generalizations with which they disagree. We found that novices tended to interpret generalizations more broadly than experts, with only experts adjusting their interpretations based on the context. We also investigated whether expert speakers, when addressing novices, avoid generalizations that novices are likely to interpret differently. In line with research investigating the curse of knowledge and the challenge of designing utterances for specific audiences, we found that speakers did not adjust their use of generalizations when explicitly told that their audience was inexperienced. Taken together, these results point to novice listeners interpreting generalizations as applying more broadly than expert speakers intend. Future research can help clarify the practical impact of such a mismatch by examining how generalizations are used in relation to speakers' and listeners' goals.

New post-embryonic specimens and the first known embryos of Octapyrgites elongatus, a medusozoan cnidarian in the family Olivooidae, are described from Member 5 of the Yanjiahe Formation (Cambrian Stage 2) in western Hubei Province, South China. This discovery extends the embryological record of olivooids beyond the Kuanchuanpu biota and from the Fortunian Stage to Cambrian Stage 2. Micro-CT scans of three embryos revealed internal anatomical structures, including relict soft tissue and stacked sets of four and eight embryonic oral lobes, with the four-lobed set situated closest to the oral pole. Together, available specimens of O. elongatus record a mostly complete developmental cycle extending from the early organogenesis stage to hatchling specimens showing 12 annulations in the aboral portion of the theca. Co-occurring, morphologically similar spheroidal specimens probably represent the earlier cleavage, blastula, or gastrula stages. Embryos of O. elongatus are relatively large, averaging 720 mu m long, though many embryos have undergone diagenetic shrinkage and deformation. As in other olivooids, development was direct, with adoral migration of the embryonic oral lobes. The early ontogeny of O. elongatus is most similar to that of Quadrapyrgites quadratacris, further suggesting that Octapyrgites and Quadrapyrgites, both of which exhibit tetraradial symmetry, were more closely related to each other phylogenetically than either was to Olivooides or to the three other, pentaradially symmetrical olivooid genera.

BACKGROUND:Clinical reasoning in orthopaedic physical therapy is a complex process requiring integration of diverse cognitive and psychomotor skills. Orthopaedic manual physical therapy fellows are recognized as clinical reasoning experts. PURPOSE:The purpose of this study was to examine how orthopaedic manual physical therapy fellows experience clinical reasoning. METHODS:A phenomenological method was used. The eight participants were all fellows in the American Academy of Orthopaedic Manual Physical Therapists and engaged in semi-structured interviews. Interview transcripts were analyzed using Amedeo Giorgi's descriptive phenomenological method. Researchers followed four steps: 1) bracketed biases and read transcripts; 2) segmented meaning units; 3) analyzed units to uncover themes; 4) described the experience's essential structure. RESULTS:Data analysis revealed four themes: Receptive-Reflective Mind, Patient Presence, Empirical and Iterative Process, and Synthesis. The Receptive-Reflective Mind is a cognitive state that receives the clinical experience without premature decisions, encouraging real-time observation, and reflection. Patient Presence emphasizes that the patient remains central in all aspects of clinical reasoning. Empirical and Iterative Process describes the fellow's method of choosing an iterative course of action based on data. Synthesis integrates the themes into a unified whole. CONCLUSION:The essential structure of participant's clinical reasoning experience is a receptive, reflective mind-set attuned to the patient, where data-driven decisions are made per the patient's desires and response. Although patient focus and data-driven processes align with prior research, this study highlights that a Receptive-Reflective Mind-set, marked by unbiased awareness and real-time reflection, underlies the experience of advanced reasoning. Future studies should examine this concept further.

Reflecting the long-term decline in the generic diversity of order Conulariida Miller and Gurley, 1896 following its peak during Mid–Late Ordovician times (Leme et al., 2008, fig. 1; Bernad et al., 2026, figs. 1, 2), the global fossil record of conulariid cnidarians in the Mississippian System is dominated by the genus Paraconularia Sinclair, 1940 (Fig. 1; Table 1). Thus, most Mississippian conulariid faunas consist of one or two species in Paraconularia plus, in some cases, Conularia Miller in Sowerby, 1821 or, possibly, Holoconularia Hergarten, 1985. The cosmopolitan distribution of these conulariids was facilitated by the Devonian–Carboniferous, Austropanthalassic-Rheic migration corridor (e.g., Torres-Martínez and Sour-Tovar, 2023), the westernmost portion of which directly connected Gondwana to Laurentia (Fig. 1).