Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University(HNBGU) (formerly known as Garhwal University) is a Central University, established in 1973, located in Srinagar, Uttarakhand in Northern India. The university is named after Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna, former Chief Minister of Uttar Pradesh. The university is residential cum affiliating with jurisdiction over Garhwal region. It is on the banks of the river Alaknanda in the mid-Himalayas. University intake is through examination including Joint Entrance Examination – Main (JEE Main) for School of Engineering & Technology, CAT and MAT. The university is A Graded with CGPA of 3.11 by the National Assessment and Accreditation Council (NAAC)..
Abstract Foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) is a drought-resistant C4 crop that is known to exhibit excellent water-use efficiency and tolerance to dry and semi-dry areas. Twenty-two foxtail millet genotypes were accessioned and tested under field conditions throughout the 2023 and 2024 Kharif seasons to select physiological markers linked with drought tolerance. A randomized block design was utilized to examine the physiological characteristics of chlorophyll content, SPADcc, RWC, EL, SRM, and yield traits. There were significant genotypic variations for all traits except RWC, indicating that there was considerable genetic variation in the germplasm. Heritability was high and genetic advance was high for leaf area and SPADcc, which implied strong additive genetic control and hence these characters can be taken as good indicators for selection. PCA and hierarchical clustering segregated the genotypes based on their physiological efficiency and tolerance to drought and isolated FMC-3, FMR-2, and FMU-3 as high performers with better pigment stability, RWC, and photosynthetic efficiency. These findings prove that physiological characteristics can efficiently differentiate drought-tolerant genotypes and serve as a base for breeding programs to improve stress resilience and yield stability in foxtail millet.
Whitefly (Trialeurodes vaporariorum) infestation affects the physiological and biochemical status of the medicinal plant Cinnamomum tamala. The study employed a comparative observational design under greenhouse conditions, analyzing naturally infested and non-infested plants using UV–vis spectrophotometry and HPLC. Photosynthetic pigments and selected phenolic compounds were quantified using standard spectrophotometric and analytical methods. Infested plants exhibited a significant decline in chlorophyll a (from 1.46 ± 0.21 to 0.86 ± 0.09 mg g⁻1 FW) and chlorophyll b (from 0.97 ± 0.06 to 0.53 ± 0.12 mg g⁻1 FW). In contrast, carotenoid content increased in infested plants (1.45 ± 0.25 mg g⁻1 FW) compared to controls (0.87 ± 0.14 mg g⁻1 FW). The concentrations of phenolic compounds, including rutin (20.88 ± 2.47 µg ml⁻1), quercetin (22.19 ± 3.86 µg ml⁻1), and caffeic acid (9.24 ± 1.74 µg ml⁻1), were also significantly (p < 0.001) higher in infested plants. These results indicate that whitefly infestation is associated with significant changes in pigment composition and phenolic content in C. tamala. The findings provide an assessment of biochemical responses under infestation conditions and contribute to understanding plant responses to herbivore stress in medicinal species.
The study of geodesic motion provides a fundamental framework for probing the structure of spacetime and the nature of gravitational fields. In this work, we investigate the stability of geodesics in the Reissner–Nordström black hole spacetime, which represents a static, spherically symmetric solution of the Einstein–Maxwell field equations. Employing the Lyapunov stability approach, we analyze the stability properties of both timelike and null geodesics. The corresponding effective potentials are examined in detail, and the fixed points of the dynamical system are identified. We further explore the occurrence of saddle–node bifurcations and characterize the nature of geodesic motion near the fixed points using phase portraits. These results provide deeper insight into the dynamical behavior of massive and massless particles in the vicinity of charged black holes.
We study the dynamics of test particles in the spacetime of a rotating and axially symmetric Kerr-Bertotti-Robinson (KBR) black hole and examine the dependence of orbital motion on the model parameters. The stability of null circular geodesics is analyzed using the largest Lyapunov exponent, providing a quantitative criterion for orbital instability. Chaotic behavior is further investigated through Poincar & eacute; sections, which reveal the global structure of phase space and the transition from regular to chaotic motion. The divergence of nearby trajectories is quantified using both the largest Lyapunov exponent and the Fast Lyapunov Indicator, offering complementary diagnostics of dynamical stability. Furthermore, the Kolmogorov-Sinai (KS) entropy is also employed to provide a quantitative characterization of chaos in the dynamical system. Our results demonstrate that the presence of an external magnetic field significantly modifies the geodesic dynamics compared to the Kerr spacetime, leading to qualitative differences in orbital stability and chaotic features. These findings underscore the crucial role of electromagnetic fields in shaping the nonlinear dynamics of particles around rotating black holes.
In pursuit of efficient and non-toxic photovoltaic solutions, this study employs a hybrid simulation approach combining solar cell capacitance simulator (SCAPS-1D) and density functional theory (DFT) to design and analyse a series of lead-free perovskite solar cells (PSCs). To evaluate the optoelectronic performance of four different absorber materials, BiFeO3 (BFO), Y-BFO, Co-BFO, and (Y, Co)-BFO, the FTO/TiO2/ Absorber/ Spiro-OMeTAD/ W device configuration was used. Initial simulation yielded modest power conversion efficiencies of 2.25 %, 2.54 %, 7.82 %, and 6.57 %, respectively. Several aspects are examined to achieve maximum and improved efficiency, including thickness of the absorber, defect density, series & shunt resistance, acceptor density, interface defect density, and operating temperature. Post optimization Co-BFO and (Y, Co)-BFO absorbers demonstrated improved photovoltaic behaviour, achieving Vocof 1.18 V and 1.16 V, Jscof 16.03 mA/cm2 and 15.79 mA/cm2, fill factors of 85.67 % and 87.51 %, and the highest Power conversion efficiency of 15.86 % and 14.72 %, respectively. Compared with previous results, this device shows potential for excellent performance by fine-tuning its absorber layer parameters. Moreover, it shows compatibility for the replacement of lead-based perovskite solar cells with eco-friendly, high-efficiency alternatives.
