The Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) and its extremes exhibit substantial complexity due to the region’s intricate land–ocean distribution and diverse topography, and remain crucial for the livelihoods of billions across the Indian subcontinent. This study examines the influence of increased horizontal resolution on persistent dry biases over India and associated physical mechanisms, using the High-Resolution Model Intercomparison Project (HighResMIP) data under the PRIMAVERA framework. The analysis demonstrates that higher-resolution models show marked improvements in reproducing the mean ISMR and its extremes, with rainfall distributions more consistent with observations. Enhanced resolution also contributes to a more realistic simulation of intraseasonal variability, particularly the active and break phases of the monsoon. However, considerable inter-model spread remains even at finer resolutions, highlighting the ongoing role of model physics and parameterization schemes in determining simulation fidelity. These findings underscore the added value of increased horizontal resolution in reducing systematic biases and enhancing the representation of monsoon variability, while emphasizing the need for continued improvements in the physical representation of key processes within climate models. This figure summarizes the study, which investigates the role of enhanced horizontal resolution in simulating Indian Summer Monsoon (ISM) extremes and intraseasonal variability. Rainfall data from the India Meteorological Department (IMD) and 850 hPa wind data from ERA5 are used to evaluate the performance of models participating in HighResMIP, listed in the blue box. The study conducts extreme rainfall analyses using both observed and model datasets, and Kernel Density Estimation (KDE) is applied to examine rainfall distribution. The results confirm that finer-resolution models reproduce the observed distribution more accurately and capture extreme rainfall events over the Indian landmass. Spatial bias maps are analyzed to understand regional variability, revealing that coarser models exhibit notable dry biases over northern India, which are reduced in most high-resolution models, except for NorESM2-MM, where biases remain pronounced. Performance gains are assessed not only for mean rainfall but also for extremes, and the ETCCDI indices demonstrate that finer-resolution models are more skillful in representing extreme rainfall events. The study further examines intraseasonal variability, including active and break spells during July–August over the core monsoon zone, and evaluates the models’ ability to depict the low-level jet (LLJ) at 850 hPa, a key feature of ISM circulation. The results highlight that high-resolution models consistently outperform their coarser counterparts, capturing mean rainfall, extremes, intraseasonal variability, and seasonal wind patterns more realistically. Overall, the findings demonstrate that high-resolution models offer substantial improvements for monsoon simulation, providing better representation of mean and extreme rainfall as well as LLJ dynamics. However, model physics and parameterization schemes continue to play a critical role in modulating model performance, indicating that resolution alone is not sufficient for achieving optimal skill. Lower-resolution models exhibit larger dry biases and poorer representation of monsoon mean and extreme rainfall. High-resolution models better simulate the rainfall intensity and distribution over the Indian landmass. Intraseasonal variability is more realistically represented in high-resolution models than in their coarser counterparts. High-resolution models skilfully represent the large-scale dynamics and fine-scale features as compared to the coarser ones. Despite the improvements in the high-resolution model, physics and parameterization schemes remain critical in modulating the skill of monsoon simulations.
Abstract Mayurbhanj district is predominantly inhabited by tribal communities. Among the various tribal groups in Odisha, Mayurbhanj alone accommodates 45 distinct categories. These tribal communities primarily rely on natural water sources such as rivers, streams, and tube wells for drinking purposes without undergoing additional purification processes. Hence, investigating the factors affecting groundwater quality is essential to ensure its safety for drinking purposes and mitigate the health risks associated with the consumption of contaminated water. In the present study, groundwater quality of 145 water samples from different sources of Mayurbhanj district was analysed. The geographical coordinates of sample locations and measurements of groundwater quality parameters were used in Geographic Information System software, ArcGIS pro, to construct the spatial distribution and spatial variation maps. Five significant principal components having eigen value greater than 1 with total variance of 73.43. Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test was above 0.5 which shows that data collected from the study area are accurate for analysis. Electrical conductivity, F−, pH and NO3− varies in the range of 42 to 1754 µS/cm, 0.01 to 1.97 mg/l, 5.5 to 7.9 and 0.1 to 21.2 mg/l respectively. The non-carcinogenic health risk assessment indicates that the hazard quotient (HQ) values attributed to fluoride ion and nitrate ion exposure range from 0.43 to 0.46 for children and 0.23 to 0.26 for adults, and from 0.002 to 0.6 for children and 0.001 to 0.3 for adults, respectively. The children are comparatively at slightly more prone to health risk in comparison to adults. Gibbs diagram shows that most of the water samples comes in the region of rock-water interaction dominance in Gibbs plot of TDS vs chloride ion concentration. In the loading biplot for the study area, the first principal component in the horizontal axes has positive coefficients for carbonate, chloride, bicarbonate, total alkalinity, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, total dissolved solids, electrical conductivity, fluoride. TDS has positive correlation with EC (0.98), chloride (0.525), nitrate (0.445), sulphate (0.445), total hardness (0.438), total alkalinity (0.524), carbonate (0.528) and bicarbonate (0.535). The software used for statistical study are, Minitab, Origin and SPSS. The results of this study would be useful for the Government and policy makers to provide safe and quality drinking water to the tribal community.
Thanu Padmanabhan was a renowned Indian theoretical physicist known for his research in general relativity, cosmology, and quantum gravity. In an extraordinary career spanning forty-two years, he published more than three hundred research articles, wrote ten highly successful technical and popular books, and mentored nearly thirty graduate students and post-doctoral fellows. He is best known for his deep work investigating gravitation as an emergent thermodynamic phenomenon. He was an outstanding teacher, and an indefatigable populariser of science, who travelled very widely to motivate and inspire young students. Paddy, as he was affectionately known, was also a close friend to his students and collaborators, treating them as part of his extended academic family. On September 17, 2021 Paddy passed away very unexpectedly, at the age of sixty-four and at the height of his research career, while serving as a Distinguished Professor at the Inter-University Centre for Astronomy and Astrophysics, Pune. His untimely demise has come as a shock to his family and friends and colleagues. In this article, several of them have come together to pay their tributes and share their fond memories of Paddy.
The hydrophobic effect is a crucial guiding force in biological processes such as protein folding, molecular recognition, and structural stability. The enthalpy-entropy interplay at the hydration shell offers key insights into these phenomena. Although molecular dynamics simulations estimate enthalpy, determining entropic contributions, especially at the single-particle level, remains a challenge. This study calculates the translational (trans) and rotational (rot) entropies of water molecules around amino acids and compares the results with those of existing theoretical studies. By applying a permutation reduction technique to the water molecules in molecular dynamics trajectories and using the quasiharmonic approach, we computed the translational entropy of individual molecules. The rotational entropy was calculated using the angular orientation distribution of individual permuted water molecules. The solvation entropy calculated from individual contributions in our method agrees well with that from thermal integration (TI) and grid inhomogeneous solvation theory (GIST). We analyzed the spatial distribution of water entropy around amino acid backbones and side chains, observing a consistent loss of entropy near backbone atoms across all amino acids. Charged residues were associated with greater reductions in the water entropy compared to uncharged ones. Interestingly, a higher reduction in translational water entropy is observed near positively charged amino acids, whereas negatively charged residues reduce the rotational entropy to a greater extent. In general, the total water entropy loss (trans + rot) exhibits an inverted parabolic dependence on the hydropathy index of the amino acids. This study lays the groundwork for calculating water entropy around full protein surfaces, thereby advancing our understanding of hydration-driven processes in biomolecular systems. It also provides a foundation for exploring entropic behavior in molecular recognition, including protein-drug interactions.
The study of low regularity Cauchy data for nonlinear dispersive PDEs has been successfully achieved using modulation spaces in recent years. In this paper, we study the inhomogeneous nonlinear Schr & ouml;dinger equation (INLS) iu(t) +Delta u +/- |x|(-b)|u|(alpha)u = 0 (b,alpha > 0) on the whole space R-n having initial data in modulation spaces. In the subcritical regime (0 < alpha < 4-2b / n ), we establish local well-posedness in L-2 + M-alpha+2,M- alpha+2/alpha +1 (superset of L-2 + H-s for s > n alpha / 2(alpha+2)).By adapting Bourp gain's high-low decomposition method, we establish global well-posedness in M-p,M- p/p-1 with 2 < p and p sufficiently close to 2. This is the first global well-posedness result for INLS in modulation spaces, which contains certain Sobolev H-s (0 < s < 1) and L-s(p)-Sobolev spaces.
