In this study, a novel brominated bithiazole compound (8) is designed, synthesized, and comprehensively evaluated alongside a previously reported analogue monothiazole (1) to check the effect of thiazole rings. The synthetic route involves sequential bromination, condensation, and NBS-mediated side-chain bromination, resulting compound (8) with 90% yield, further, confirmed by NMR and HRMS analyses. Density functional theory analysis (B3LYP/6-311G(d,p)) revealed distinct differences in HOMO-LUMO characteristics, electrostatic potential distribution, and molecular polarity of both the compounds. In vitro anticancer screening against MCF-7 breast cancer cells revealed that compound (1) exhibited potent cytotoxicity (IC50 = 1.769 & micro;M), whereas compound (8) showed significantly weaker activity (IC50 = 269.4 & micro;M). Antimicrobial assays demonstrated broad-spectrum activity of compound (1) against strain A. niger, B. subtilis, and E. coli, while compound (8) remained largely inactive up to 1000 & micro;mol/disc. SAR study supporting the in vitro results of anticancer and antimicrobial activity. The acetyl group attached with compound (1) is largely responsible for huge disparity in biological results. ADMET predictions further indicates favorable drug-likeness and safety for compound (1), whereas compound (8) exhibited solubility and toxicity liabilities. Overall, the study underscores the critical role of structural features in modulating bithiazole bioactivity and identifies compound (1) as a promising lead candidate for further anticancer and antimicrobial development.
Introduction This study aims to conduct a comprehensive transcriptome analysis of Grewia asiatica (Phalsa) to identify molecular markers and differential gene expression in leaf and root tissues. G. asiatica is recognized for its medicinal properties, attributed to its rich phytochemical profile, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and hypoglycemic effects. However, genetic insights into the molecular basis of these bioactive properties remain limited.Methodology High-throughput Illumina sequencing was performed, generating 32.97 million clean reads from roots and 33.96 million from leaves. A 98.75% complete de novo assembly yielded 41,678 unigenes. SNP and SSR markers were identified, and transcription factors across 100 families were characterized. Differential gene expression analysis was conducted, followed by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Key differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were validated through qRT-PCR.Results A total of 316,613 SNPs were identified in roots and 247,967 SNPs in leaves. SSR analysis revealed 21,634 markers, with mononucleotide repeats being predominant. A total of 5,781 transcription factors (TFs) were characterized, including members of the C2H2, MYB-HB-like, and bHLH families. Differential expression analysis identified 4,643 DEGs, with flavonoid biosynthesis genes upregulated in leaves and lignin-associated genes upregulated in roots.Discussion GO and KEGG analyses highlighted significant enrichment of metabolic and biosynthetic pathways. The medicinal benefits of G. asiatica are linked to its antioxidant properties, which combat oxidative stress; anti-inflammatory effects, which may aid in arthritis relief; antimicrobial activity against pathogens; hypoglycemic effects for blood sugar regulation; and iron content, which is beneficial for anemia treatment.Conclusion This study provides valuable SNP and SSR markers and offers insights into the genetic mechanisms underlying the medicinal properties of G. asiatica. These findings support future molecular breeding programs and pharmacological research on this underutilized medicinal plant.
In this study, we investigate the wCDM dynamical dark energy model with spatial curvature utilizing the recently released DESI Collaboration data (DR1 and DR2) in conjunction with other observational probes such as BBN, Observational Hubble Data (OHD), and Pantheon Plus (PP). Our investigation attempts to discover which DESI dataset gives a better match to the wCDM framework and assess the impact of spatial curvature on cosmological constraints. We find that the cosmic curvature parameter, Omega k, disfavors the cosmological constant for the DR2+BBN and DR2+BBN+OHD data combinations. However, the deviation from the cosmological constant remains below the 1 sigma level, indicating a mild preference for a open universe. In contrast, when using the DR1 based combinations namely DR1+BBN and DR1+BBN+OHD-the deviation from the cosmological constant increases to approximately 1.2 sigma, suggesting a slightly stronger indication of a open geometry. Also, the best-fit values of the Hubble constant (H0) obtained from the DR1+BBN+OHD+PP and DR2+BBN+OHD+PP combinations within the dynamical dark energy model are consistent with the results reported by the Planck Collaboration. Our findings provide constraints on the dark energy EoS parameter w0, reveal a mild but notable deviation from the vacuum energy (w = -1) scenario at a significance level 1.8 sigma from DR2+BBN+OHD+PP and 0.5 sigma from DR1+BBN+OHD+PP, both favoring the quintessence region of dark energy. Furthermore, the key physical distance measures DH, DV, and DM show better consistency with our model when analyzed with the DR2 data.
The ΛCDM model has long served as the cornerstone of modern cosmology, offering an elegant and successful framework for interpreting a wide range of cosmological observations. However, the rise of high-precision datasets has revealed statistically significant tensions, most notably the Hubble tension and the S_8 discrepancy, which challenge the completeness of this standard model. In this context, we explore the Λ_ sCDM model-an extension of ΛCDM featuring a single additional parameter, z_†, corresponding to a sign-switching cosmological constant. This minimal modification aims to alleviate key observational tensions without compromising the model's overall coherence. Recent findings present in the literature indicate that the Λ_ sCDM model not only provides a better fit to Lyman-α forest data for z_† < 2.3, but also accommodates both the SH0ES measurement of H_0 and the angular diameter distance to the last scattering surface when 2D BAO data are included. We present a comprehensive analysis combining the full Planck 2018 CMB data, the Pantheon Type Ia Supernovae sample, and the recently released Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) measurements from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI). Our finding reveal that the Preliminary DESI results, a possible 3.9σ deviation from ΛCDM expectations, reinforce the importance of exploring such dynamic dark energy frameworks. In sum, our study underscores the potential of Λ_ sCDM to reconcile multiple cosmological tensions and sheds light on the role of upcoming high-precision observations in reshaping our understanding of the universe's expansion history and the nature of dark energy.
We have successfully integrated $\Lambda_{\rm s}$CDM, a promising model for alleviating cosmological tensions, into a theoretical framework by endowing it with a specific Lagrangian from the VCDM model, a type-II minimally modified gravity. In this theory, we demonstrate that an auxiliary scalar field with a linear potential induces an effective cosmological constant, enabling the realization of an abrupt mirror AdS-dS transition in the late universe through a piecewise linear potential. To eliminate the sudden singularity in this setup and ensure stable transitions, we smooth out this potential. Realized within the VCDM theory, the $\Lambda_{\rm s}$CDM model facilitates two types of rapid smooth mirror AdS-dS transitions: (i) the agitated transition, associated with a smooth jump in the potential, where $\Lambda_{\rm s}$, and consequently $H$, exhibits a bump around the transition's midpoint; and (ii) the quiescent transition, associated with a smooth change in the slope of the potential, where $\Lambda_{\rm s}$ transitions gracefully. These transitions are likely to leave distinct imprints on the background and perturbation dynamics, potentially allowing the observational data to distinguish between them. This novel theoretical framework propels $\Lambda_{\rm s}$CDM into a fully predictive model capable of exploring the evolution of the Universe including the late-time AdS-dS transition epoch, and extends the applicability of the model. We believe further research is crucial in establishing $\Lambda_{\rm s}$CDM as a leading candidate or guide for a new concordance cosmological model.
