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This article introduces a conditional ordinal stereotype model for estimating a police officer's latent propensity to escalate to higher-severity force options during an encounter. Propensity to escalate is the likelihood of selecting a more serious force category than peer officers confronting the same circumstances, not necessarily implying that such force is excessive or contrary to policy. The associated conditional likelihood depends solely on data from the times and places where multiple officers use various forms of force, precisely the types of situations that police departments are most likely to document. By design, all shared situational and environmental features cancel out of the conditional likelihood, eliminating the need to observe or model them explicitly. The article proves that officer-level inference independent of shared environmental features can arise only from the proposed conditional ordinal stereotype model, establishing it as the unique model with this invariance property. On simulated examples, the conditional ordinal stereotype model recovers which officers escalate force the most, potentially risking unnecessary injuries or fatalities, and which officers may be too reluctant, potentially endangering themselves, colleagues, or the public. Applying the approach to use-of-force data from Seattle finds nine officers with a high probability of being local outliers in their use-of-force networks. By quantifying officer-level variation while accounting for situational context, the conditional ordinal stereotype model expands the analytic toolkit available to police executives and oversight bodies for proactive risk management. Supplementary materials for this article are available online, including a standardized description of the materials available for reproducing the work.
This chapter focuses on the post-genocide nation of Rwanda and poses the question ‘With citizen participation generally argued to be a precondition for a free and democratic society, how can this be managed through the lens of a state where such citizen participation has been a factor in mass violence and the breakdown of society?’. Through consideration of a context where direct citizen participation may have the potential to re-escalate violence, as well as designing approaches that balance top-down and bottom-up participatory mechanisms this chapter argues that it is not desirable to adopt a ‘one fits all’ approach to the implementation of citizen participation. In such situations the chapter asserts that more creative indirect modes of participation, or citizen participation focused on specific aspects of policy for citizen participation, where the voices of citizens need to be heard the most, should be prioritised.
Purpose This research examines the informal socialization process for new members of a closed occupational culture. Design/methodology/approach The research depends on ethnographic research, specifically participant observation supplemented by open-ended interviews. Findings The findings reveal conflict between the formal values of the organization and the informal values of the occupational culture within that organization. Further, the research reveals the ways in which new employees are informally socialized to adopt the occupational values over the organizational values. Originality/value True ethnographic research is virtually nonexistent within a prison setting due to the closed nature of the setting. This research is unique in its ability to examine correctional officer culture through this rich methodology.
Public housing estate renewal programmes increasingly require that tenants move from their homes to enable redevelopment; a process we refer to as renewal-initiated tenant relocation. While there is an extant body of research that reveals how forced relocation can have negative health and well-being impacts for tenants, limited attention has been given to the policies and practices that shape the relocation process, specifically the role of frontline staff. In this paper, we examine the role of relocation officers-staff responsible for managing renewal-initiated tenant relocation-in New South Wales and Victoria, Australia. We argue that relocation officers operate as specialised street-level bureaucrats responsible for enacting policy on-the-ground. Relocation officers navigate formal policy frameworks, organisational structures, and individual tenant needs through relationship-building, and the exercise of discretion, flexibility, and informal practices. Renewal-initiated tenant relocation is shaped by local autonomy and team culture, the skills and experiences of relocation officers, and their capacity to engage in intra- and inter-departmental negotiations.
Social media has laid a strong foundation in everyone’s daily life. It not only reshaped our communication style but alsoour thoughts and routine activities. This research paper explores the relationship between social media and criminalbehaviour. The digital footprints can include messages, shared media, location check-ins and interactions that can betraced and analysed for behavioural pattern. These digital traces have emerged as crucial tools in both committing andsolving crimes. Digital platforms provided new pathway to engage in criminal activities. The accessibility and reach ofplatforms like Facebook, Instagram, and Snapchat allow criminals to operate anonymously, target victims globally, andcoordinate illegal activities discreetly. Social media can also play a role in the radicalization process, where individuals areexposed to extremist content, misinformation, or ideological grooming within online communities. By the results obtainedthrough survey and research articles we found that social media represents a powerful double-edged sword (around 83%),it plays a major role in both construction and destruction of criminal behaviours. The digital footprint behaviour is the vitalresource for crime detection and prevention. By knowing this relationship it will be an effective tool for developing criminalzjustice responses, digital literacy education, and ethical guidelines in the digital era. As technology continues to evolve, sotoo must our approaches to managing its impact on criminal behaviour and law enforcement practices.
