Base-layer fabrics play a vital role in ensuring thermophysiological comfort within military clothing systems, especially in extreme environments where optimal performance is crucial and heat stress poses a significant challenge. This study assessed the thermal comfort performance of twenty advanced base-layer fabrics, with a focus on their potential application in military base-layer shirts designed for hot environments. Standardized laboratory tests are used to determine comfort related parameters: fabric weight, thickness, Overall Moisture Management Capacity (OMMC), thermal resistance (Rct), water vapor resistance (Ret) and thermal heat flux (Qmax). Fabric code “BL3” emerged as the most promising candidate with desirable thermal comfort properties, offering optimal moisture (sweat) management, and skin-cooling properties while maintaining compatibility with military garment specifications. These findings provide a data-driven framework for optimizing base-layer selection in Military clothing systems and support the integration of emerging textile technologies to enhance operational effectiveness in variable environmental conditions.
This paper proposes a new edition and commentary for IG XII 4.3.2147, a recently edited inscribed epigram from Kos, and analyses its peculiar content and the function of its dialectal mixture. The epigram is a dialogue between the deceased, a foreign slave from Oxyrhynchos, and a passer-by. It is argued that the dialect of the epigram, while conforming to Hellenistic epigrammatic trends, goes some way towards acknowledging both the foreignness of the deceased and the Koan local context, since both speakers appear to switch from Attic Koine to Doric colouring. This interpretation is reinforced by comparisons with Hellenistic book and inscribed epigrams.
As population ageing intensifies and the fertility rate of the population is decreasing, labour shortages have made the utilization of older workers' human capital a critical organizational priority. Based on the self‐categorization theory, we proposed a model to explore the relationship between intergenerational contact and older workers' self‐perceived employability through self‐categorization processes. Specifically, in Study 1, we used a matched sample of 142 older and younger Chinese employees. The results indicated a positive association between intergenerational contact and older workers' self‐perceived employability, which was partially mediated by both providing and obtaining knowledge at a dyadic level. Study 2 extended Study 1 from an individual perspective, and introduced a boundary condition by conducting a two‐wave survey study among 385 older workers. The results replicated the positive relationship between intergenerational contact and self‐perceived employability found in Study 1, and revealed indirect effects through both providing and obtaining knowledge. Furthermore, intergenerational climate was found to strengthen the positive associations between intergenerational contact and knowledge‐sharing processes. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Satellite and reanalysis rainfall estimates (SREs) are valuable alternatives to gauge data in data-scarce regions; however, their reliability in areas with complex terrain and variable precipitation remains uncertain. This study evaluated six SREs (CHIRPS v2, ERA5, ERA5-Land, IMERG v07, MSWEP v2.8, and TRMM 3B42) against gauge observations over the period 2005 to 2019. The evaluation was conducted using multiple statistical, categorical, and distributional metrics at daily to seasonal timescales. Terrain-based classification and rainfall intensity categories were used to explore the influence of topography and event magnitude on product performance. The accuracy of SREs improves with temporal aggregation, the monthly scale offering the highest reliability for water resource management. However, their tendency to overestimate light and underestimate heavy daily rainfall requires careful bias adjustment in flood and extreme event analysis. MSWEP, CHIRPS, and IMERG provided balanced and consistent performance across all metrics, rainfall intensities, and terrain zones. Notably, ERA5 and ERA5-Land consistently overestimated average rainfall. All SREs identified dry days well, and their performance declined with increasing intensity. No significant performance variation was observed across different altitudes. This study provides valuable insights into the selection of rainfall products, supporting climate and hydrological studies in data-scarce areas of the Ethiopian highlands.
BackgroundWomen with substance use disorders face distinct and compounding barriers to addiction treatment, including trauma histories, caregiving responsibilities, stigma, and structural inequality. Despite increased interest in gender-responsive treatment, few studies centre women's lived experiences to inform trauma-informed and transformative care.MethodsThis qualitative study draws on in-depth interviews with 60 women engaged in alcohol and drug services across Belgium, including women-only as well as mixed-gender programmes. Data were analysed using conventional content analysis to identify key themes related to gender-responsive and trauma-informed care.ResultsFive core themes emerged: (1) safety - emotional, relational, and environmental - as a foundation for recovery; (2) nuanced preferences for women-only versus mixed-gender settings; (3) the importance of peer support and lived experience in fostering trust and motivation; (4) the need for holistic, person-centred, and body-aware treatment; and (5) comprehensive care that respects women's social roles and realities. Women emphasized that meaningful recovery extends beyond abstinence to dignity, connection, and systemic support.ConclusionGender-responsive alcohol and drug treatment goes beyond mere adaptation to transformation of power, practice and purpose. Centering women's voices reveals the need for flexible, trauma-informed, and structurally aware care that addresses both individual recovery and the social conditions that shape it.
