Optimal transmission switching (OTS) determines which transmission lines to remove from service to minimize dispatch costs. Unlike topology design, it alters the operational status of operating lines. Sensitivity-based methods, as advanced optimization techniques, select lines whose outage yields a significant cost reduction. However, these methods overlook bus splitting, an effective congestion management strategy that our work incorporates to achieve improved economic gains. In this work, we formulate an optimal transmission reconfiguration (OTR) problem that incorporates both line switching and bus splitting. We develop a novel approach to quantify the sensitivity of the OTR objective to line switching and bus splitting, establish connections between the proposed sensitivity framework and existing heuristic metrics, prove the equivalence between bus splitting and a generalized line switching to enable unified treatment, and provide a simpler derivation of Bus Split Distribution Factor (BSDF). Simulations on nine IEEE test systems spanning 118 to 13,659 buses demonstrate the high effectiveness of our proposed sensitivity method. They also demonstrate that incorporating bus splitting into transmission reconfiguration achieves greater cost savings than line switching alone. The results confirm the economic advantage of this comprehensive approach to transmission system operation.
Dynamic parameter estimation of power plants became increasingly challenging and important in rapidly evolving power grid. Despite significant advancements, legacy generators continue to struggle to meet standard compliance requirements, necessitating the use of advanced measurement devices for mandatory model validation. To address these challenges, legacy generators should undergo systematic model validation programs supported by the point on wave measurements through the existing devices. This paper utilizes the short duration relay records to estimate the synchronous machine and excitation system parameters using an enhanced scattered search method. The proposed algorithm has a high probability of finding the global minima to achieve accurate parameter estimation in cases of high-dimensional and non-linear conditions with fewer tunable parameters. The proposed approach is demonstrated using data from a 247 MVA, 15.75 kV generator in a thermal power plant using its practical protective relay records. The proposed method is found to be accurate and reliable for parameter estimation using synthetic and practical measurement data.
Despite growing interest in salespeople’s social media use, the role of customers in motivating and shaping such use has received limited scholarly attention. Moreover, little is known about whether—and how—social media use enhances salespeople’s effectiveness in managing service recovery situations. Using the conservation of resources theory and analyzing matched survey responses from B2B salespeople and their managers, we find that while customer interest in digital technology has a curvilinear (inverted U-shape) relationship with salesperson social media use, this relationship decreases at higher levels of job engagement, indicating that salespeople with high job engagement have greater resources to manage the stress caused by customer interest in digital technology. Moreover, social media use improves manager-rated salesperson service recovery performance. The study offers significant implications for both theory and practice.
The concept of chipless radio frequency identification (CRFID) multiparameter tag sensors is fairly new and nowadays has gained importance among researchers for their ability to identify objects and sense multiple parameters at once without requiring integrated chips (ICs), onboard power sources, and active components. This article presents a comprehensive review of such tag sensors, emphasizing its current stage of development, performance comparisons, and existing research gaps. This study provides a detailed classification of resonator structures, identification (ID) and sensing mechanisms, sensing functions and factors, and smart/sensitive materials (SMs), establishing a new unified taxonomy. Furthermore, it provides details on the sensing mechanism and physics behind it, maps resonator types to their design principles with their sensing functions, alongside their corresponding smart/sensitive materials (SMs), and reveals their multiparameter decoupling and selectivity techniques. It also comments on the substrates used and the adopted printing process. A critical quantitative evaluation follows based on key ID [coding capacity (CC), spectral density (SD), and spatial density (SPD)] and sensing metrics [sensitivity, dynamic range (DR), and read range (RR)]. Finally, this article discusses current challenges such as limited CC, short RR, absence of dedicated readers and standards, and issues with selectivity and suggests future directions, including artificial intelligence (AI) integration and scalable deployment for the Internet of Things (IoT), smart logistics, environmental monitoring, and industrial automation.
Governance choices made at the board level could potentially impact environmental outcomes for the firm, yet little is known about how stakeholder connected directors shape such outcomes. This study examines how customer on the board (COTB) and supplier on the board (SOTB) differentially influence corporate environmental performance. Drawing on stakeholder theory, we argue that COTBs amplify environmental initiatives by channeling market-based pressures for sustainability, whereas SOTBs exert a more ambivalent influence: while their operational expertise can facilitate environmental improvements, their emphasis on efficiency and cost control may crowd out environmental priorities. We further theorize that these effects are contingent on supply-chain and financial pressures, including cost-of-goods-sold (COGS) intensity, sales volatility, and leverage. Using panel data from 306 B2B firms in the S&P 900 index between 2007 and 2013 (2043 firm-year observations), we find that COTB representation is positively associated with environmental performance, particularly under heightened market uncertainty, whereas SOTB representation is associated with weaker environmental outcomes when cost and financial pressures are high. These findings highlight how structurally embedded stakeholder ties on corporate boards shape the trade-offs firms make between environmental and economic objectives, offering guidance for boards seeking to align sustainability goals with operational and financial realities.
