Titanium and its alloys are widely used in orthopedic and dental implants because of their high strength-to-weight ratio, excellent corrosion resistance, and biocompatibility. However, the performance of conventional titanium implants is often limited by bioinert surfaces, insufficient wear resistance, susceptibility to infection, and constraints associated with traditional manufacturing, such as material wastage and lengthy processing times. Additive manufacturing (AM) enables the production of patient-specific, porous titanium implants with enhanced mechanical compatibility. However, AM alone does not significantly improve surface bioactivity, antibacterial properties, or resistance to corrosion and wear. Plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) can generate protective, bioactive coatings on titanium surfaces, enhancing wear and corrosion resistance, biocompatibility, and antibacterial performance. The combination of AM and PEO offers a promising approach to overcoming the limitations of conventional titanium implants, enabling the development of next-generation devices with enhanced osseointegration, osteogenic activity, antibacterial functionality, and long-term durability. Despite advances in the field, comprehensive reviews addressing the relationship between the fabrication of AM titanium structures and subsequent PEO surface modification remain scarce, particularly regarding their combined effects on coating composition, structure, and biological performance. This review critically examines AM-fabricated titanium structures with PEO coatings, emphasizing the relationships among processing, structure, and biological and electrochemical performance. We believe this review will serve as a valuable reference for guiding future research and the rational design of advanced AM–PEO titanium implants.
Biopolymeric 3D-printed scaffolds promote cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation for tissue regeneration. This study addresses the mechanical limitations of natural polymers and enhances interfacial bonding and bioactivity by fabricating polycaprolactone-lignin (PCL-Lig) copolymer scaffolds via ring-opening copolymerization, achieving a 71
This study employs an advanced phase-field model, integrated with molecular dynamics simulations, to investigate edge dislocation dynamics in Σ5 Ni bicrystals under different temperatures (100–600 K) and applied shear (up to 18 GPa), focusing on their role in the crystalline-to-amorphous transition. While no direct MD simulations are performed, temperature-dependent parameters derived from prior MD studies are incorporated into the phase-field framework. The model, validated against existing theoretical and molecular dynamics data, accurately captures the dislocation parameters, such as slip system height and Burgers vector, using a stepwise crystalline energy barrier to prevent non-physical dislocation widening. The simulations reveal enhanced dislocation growth in the + 30° slip system due to favorable stress alignment at the grain boundary. Higher temperatures and shear stresses significantly increase dislocation density, with grain boundaries acting as dislocation sources, accelerating amorphization compared to single crystals, where dislocation motion delays structural disorder. Notably, bicrystals maintain stability up to 600 K, beyond which rapid defect activity causes instability within 2 ns. These findings underscore the crucial role of crystal structure, temperature, and stress in determining material stability, offering valuable insights for designing durable materials for high-stress applications in aerospace and energy systems. This work introduces a novel PF–MD coupling that implements a stepwise energy barrier at slip plane boundaries to prevent non-physical dislocation widening, enabling quantitative prediction of grain boundary-driven amorphization and revealing the + 30° slip system as a dominant dislocation growth pathway under shear. The focus remains on temperature-dependent dislocation slip behavior, with amorphization trends inferred from stress-induced disorder near grain boundaries rather than explicitly modeled.
Wastewater generated during herbal essences production is frequently discharged into the environment without adequate treatment, leading to significant environmental issues. This study examines the effectiveness of a multi-stage wastewater treatment system consisting of sand media (SM), a vertical flow constructed wetland (VFCW), and a nylon 6 membrane modified with zeolite (NMZ). The performance of this system was evaluated based on parameters including COD, BOD5, turbidity, NH4+, NO3−, PO43−, and phenol in the wastewater from the herbal essences industry in Kashan city, Iran. Results showed that the average removal efficiencies for COD, BOD5, turbidity, PO43− NH4+, NO3−, and phenol during the two-stage approach (i.e., SM + VFCW) were approximately 82
