With the growth in the use of digital payment systems, restaurants have the opportunity to alter how information is visually presented to customers during the payment process. One such option is the directional presentation of tip options included during the transaction (i.e., ascending vs. descending percentage values). In a field study conducted in partnership with an independently owned coffee shop, this research examines how the direction of the tip display impacts the amount customers leave as gratuities. The results support the impact of left-to-right processing, in which customers tip more when tip percentage options are presented in descending order (vs. ascending). These findings provide actionable insights for restaurant operators and demonstrate how subtle changes in digital payment system design can benefit service employees.
Open-Source Software (OSS) is a cornerstone of modern software development, yet evaluating the trajectory of individual projects throughout their development lifecycle remains a challenge. This paper develops an exploratory classification framework for examining how OSS projects evolve along two interrelated dimensions: innovation intensity and contribution sustainability. Building on contemporary OSS research on governance and contributor dynamics, we analyze 1785 OSS projects initiated by Microsoft, Google, and Apache on GitHub. Our findings reveal that contribution sustainability is primarily driven by the resilience and engagement of the contributor base, rather than innovation alone. We further highlight the nuanced role of the first release in shaping early project dynamics, the evolutionary patterns observed in OSS projects, and the contrasting associations of for-profit and non-profit sponsorship with contribution sustainability and contributor retention. By synthesizing insights from OSS literature, this research seeks to offer theoretical contributions and practical strategies for project owners seeking to sustain innovation in OSS communities.
We present a generalization of the x-space Candia algorithm to next-to-next-to-next-to-leading order Altarelli-Parisi (DGLAP) evolution equations for unpolarized parton densities in the nucleon. The algorithm is based on logarithmic expansions of the solution and can be extended to all orders in QCD. An expansion equivalent to the exact solution of the DGLAP equation at N3LO is presented in the non-singlet sector. Results for approximate N3LO parton distribution functions, evolved using the most recent approximations to the N3LO DGLAP splitting functions, are provided for benchmarking. The new version of the code, Candia-v2, is publicly available [GitHub, Candia-v2, (2025).].
PurposeWe investigate how small family business (SFB) entrepreneurs employ family resources to improve familiness and the effects of familiness on customer satisfaction and loyalty.Design/methodology/approachWe conducted two studies using a mixed-methods design. The first used a grounded theory approach with semi-structured interviews with 22 SFB owners in medium-sized Brazilian cities to identify SFB entrepreneurs' perspectives on their competitive strategies based on familiness. The second examined the roles of SFBs' competitive strategies stemming from familiness in customer satisfaction and loyalty from the customers' perspectives.FindingsFrom the entrepreneurs' point of view, we identified the resources that make up familiness: (1) family influence (i.e. family involvement and business longevity), (2) the resulting managerial strategies that SFB entrepreneurs adopt to achieve superior performance (i.e. customer orientation and quality assurance) and (3) the resultant customer response, namely family business equity (i.e. firm reputation and customer trust). From the customers' perspective, we show that SFBs' managerial strategies have positive effects on perceived family business equity that lead to positive customer outcomes in terms of satisfaction and loyalty.Originality/valueWe identified SFBs' resources that make up familiness and how they influence managerial strategies and resultant customer responses. Although these concepts may not be novel in the literature, our contribution lies in grouping them into high-order categories in the unique contexts of SFBs in a developing economy, identifying their relationships and attesting to the positive roles of the SFBs' strategies on customer satisfaction and loyalty.
PurposeThis research aims to examine how purchase type (experiential vs material) influences tradeoffs between different product-country image (PCI) labels. Specifically, four studies explore how retailers' framing of a product as either experiential or material affects tradeoffs between favorable vs less favorable PCIs.Design/methodology/approachFour controlled experimental studies were used to test the hypotheses.FindingsWhen making material purchases, consumers have a higher relative preference for favorable PCI compared to when making experiential purchases. This effect is driven by status signaling motives and moderated by the contextual authenticity salience.Originality/valueThis research adds to the experiential and material literature by introducing a new mechanism - status signaling motives - influencing the tradeoffs between PCIs. Furthermore, the authors contribute to the PCI literature by showing that the weight consumer place on different PCIs is contingent on the purchase frame. Marketing practitioners and retailers aiming to leverage PCI in their marketing communications should use material frames when favorable PCI cues are present and opt for experiential frames when such cues are absent.
