KTHM College, Nashik

Food adulteration is a growing global concern that adversely affects food safety, quality, and public health. Monosodium glutamate (MSG), commonly known as Ajinomoto, is a widely used flavour enhancer that has been increasingly associated with excessive use and potential adulteration in various food products. The present study aims to review the occurrence of MSG in food, its sources, mechanisms of toxicity, associated health effects, detection techniques, and preventive strategies. A comprehensive analysis of previously published scientific literature indicates that MSG is extensively used in processed foods, instant meals, restaurant dishes, and street foods, leading to increased dietary intake, particularly among urban populations. Toxicological studies suggest that excessive MSG consumption may induce oxidative stress, excitotoxicity, and metabolic disturbances, resulting in potential damage to organs such as the liver, kidneys, and brain. Clinical symptoms, including headaches, sweating, and chest discomfort, have also been reported in sensitive individuals. Despite these concerns, regulatory authorities classify MSG as generally safe when consumed within recommended limits. However, the lack of proper labelling, inadequate regulatory enforcement, and widespread use in unorganized food sectors contribute to the risk of overconsumption. This review highlights the need for strict regulatory control, transparent labelling, and increased consumer awareness to minimize MSG adulteration. Furthermore, the adoption of natural flavouring alternatives and the promotion of healthier dietary practices are recommended. Future research focusing on long-term human exposure is essential to establish clearer safety guidelines and ensure the responsible use of MSG in the food industry.

Artificial intelligence (AI) is growing very fast today, and it has the power to improve productivity and make work easier in many fields. But AI can affect jobs in both good and bad ways. In India, AI is expected to bring huge changes, and many existing jobs may be lost because machines can now do repetitive tasks. This may also increase inequality if people are not prepared for these changes. At the same time, AI can also create new job opportunities. While simple and repetitive jobs may decrease, high-skilled jobs will still be important in the future. This paper discusses how AI is affecting jobs in different sectors, and it explains both the benefits and the challenges. The study uses information from research papers, industry reports, and trusted blogs. AI is changing the job market all over the world. As technology improves, many industries are experiencing big changes in how they work. This paper looks at how AI affects job creation, job loss, and the overall economy. By studying the available research and data, the paper gives a better understanding of how employment is changing in the AI era. AI brings both opportunities and problems. It can create new kinds of jobs, but it can also replace old ones. Its impact can be seen in many sectors, like manufacturing and customer service. Even though AI helps increase efficiency, it can also cause job loss for some people. Since AI is becoming an important part of many industries, governments and companies need to take steps to deal with these changes. This includes helping workers learn new skills, promoting lifelong learning, and making policies that support job creation in new and emerging fields..

This investigation explores the synthesis, comprehensive characterization, and photocatalytic performance of equimolar ZnO 50% -CdO 50% mixed-oxide nanoparticles prepared via sonochemical methodology with and without lemon extract capping. Structural analysis through X-ray diffraction revealed hexagonal wurtzite architecture with lattice parameters a = 3.861 Å and c = 5.220 Å for uncapped samples, indicating significant lattice distortion from Cd²⁺ incorporation. Morphological investigations using scanning electron microscopy and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy demonstrated average particle sizes of 62 nm and 48 nm respectively, with mixed cubic-spherical geometries evidencing solid solution formation. Lemon-capped nanoparticles exhibited reduced crystallite dimensions (17.03 nm) with enhanced dispersion and morphological uniformity. Optical characterization revealed band gap values approximating 2.8-3.0 eV, representing intermediate properties between constituent oxides. Photocatalytic evaluation against three organic pollutants demonstrated exceptional performance: 91.98% degradation efficiency for Methylene Blue, 88.27% for Crystal Violet, and 47.45% for tetrazine under UV irradiation over 165 minutes. The equimolar composition maximized heterojunction interface area, optimizing charge separation and reactive oxygen species generation. Lemon capping significantly enhanced catalytic activity through surface passivation and improved dispersion. These findings establish ZnO 50% -CdO 50% nanocomposites as promising materials for advanced oxidation processes in water treatment applications, with performance varying systematically based on pollutant electronic structure and degradation mechanism requirements.

Women’s empowerment is a difficult challenge for women to grasp and explore their identities and capitalize their strengths in multiple life domains. This is despite major progress not only in education, workplace and in legislative reform, but women continue to face systemic barriers based on patriarchy, economic disparities and lack of resources. In this paper, the empowerment of women within the Indian context education, workforce engagement, political representation and safety examined. It draws on secondary data available as national surveys and international reports to review state programs such as Beti Bachao Beti Padhao (Save the Girl Child, Educate the Girl Child), Stand Up India and reservation policies to assess them. While vital legal and institutional reforms have been made in India, cultural norms and economic disparities have been ingrained, which do not favour the genuine empowerment in the country. This paper ends by recommending a holistic system that emphasizes legal rights awareness, financial inclusion, gender-sensitive educational practices and protection law implementation for sustainable empowerment.

Nutrient pollution from ammonium and phosphate in wastewater presents serious environmental challenges, including water eutrophication and resource inefficiency. The study aimed to analyse how magnesium-activated biochar made from temple waste could be used as a sustainable material for simultaneously adsorbing nutrients. The biochar was synthesised through pyrolysis and magnesium chloride activation, then applied to real wastewater from stabilisation ponds in Bali. The adsorption dynamics for both ammonium and phosphate were consistent with pseudo-second-order models, suggesting that chemical absorption was the prevailing mechanism. The Freundlich isotherm model provided the best fit, suggesting heterogeneous multilayer adsorption. Results demonstrated that adsorption capacity and rate varied across different wastewater sources, with the highest adsorption rates corresponding to ponds exhibiting more favourable surface interactions. Significantly, the adsorption rate constant for phosphate surpassed that of ammonium in some cases, emphasising the influence of ionic properties and biochar surface heterogeneity. The results confirm that biochar made from waste can effectively recover nutrients and should be included in circular approaches for managing wastewater.