The year 2024 marked the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the J/ψ particle, which unveiled the charm quark and the charmonium spectrum, instigating the “November Revolution” in particle physics. This discovery catalyzed the development of quenched potential models, most notably the Cornell model, which provided a foundational quantitative description of the hadronic spectrum. However, the landscape of hadron spectroscopy has been profoundly transformed since the turn of the 21st century with the observation of numerous charmonium-like states, such as X(3872), which exhibit properties starkly at odds with quenched model predictions. These discrepancies, exemplified by the “X(3872) low-mass puzzle” and the “Y problem” associated with vector states like Y(4260), underscore the critical limitations of the quenched approximation and signal the necessity for a new theoretical paradigm. This review synthesizes recent advances in hadronic spectroscopy, arguing that the unquenched picture, which incorporates coupled-channel effects such as hadronic loops, is essential for a unified description of these new states and associated anomalies. We demonstrate how unquenched effects provide compelling solutions to long-standing puzzles in charmonium decays (e.g., the “ρπ puzzle” and anomalous dipion transitions), predict and explain the existence of exotic charged states like Zc(3900) and Zb(10610) via mechanisms such as Initial Single Pion Emission, and offer a framework for understanding interactions between charmonia and with nucleons. Furthermore, we emphasize the universality of unquenched effects, extending their application to bottomonium and light-flavor sectors. As experimental precision continues to improve, we advocate for the systematic development of unquenched hadronic spectroscopy, which heralds a new era of high-precision theoretical and experimental studies, moving decisively beyond the quenched approximation to achieve a more complete understanding of non-perturbative behavior of the strong interaction.
We consider a trapped Bose gas of N identical bosons in two-dimensional space, subject to an attractive two-body scaled interaction -aN N2 alpha-1U(N alpha x) and a repulsive three-body scaled interaction b(N) N4 beta-2W (N(beta)x, N(beta)y), where aN , b(N) , alpha, beta > 0, with integral(2)(R) U(x) dx = integral integral(4)(R) W (x, y) dxdy = 1. In the collapse regime where aN -> a & lowast; and b(N) SE arrow 0, the asymptotic behavior of the ground state energy is governed by a parameter zeta >= 0 which is determined by the relative convergence rates of aN and b(N) . For zeta not equal 2(s + 2)/s, the energy asymptotics were recently established by Nguyen and Ricaud (Lett. Math. Phys. 115 (2025), 31). The present paper focuses on the special case zeta = 2(s + 2)/s, where the leading-order energy vanishes. By performing a systematic twoscale expansion, we successfully derive the next-order asymptotic energy, thereby completing the full description of the problem
This work is devoted to the study of traveling semifronts for an SIS epidemic model in a patchy environment. In the SIS epidemic model, infective individuals become susceptible again after recovery, thereby forming a cyclic structure from the infected class back to the susceptible class. The existence of traveling semifronts of the system is established via Schauder's fixed point theorem with the aid of a pair of upper and lower solutions distinct from those in SI-type epidemic models. We further verify the persistence of these traveling semifronts by virtue of the boundedness of the second component, a core prerequisite for establishing the existence of critical-speed traveling semifronts. To address the obstacles posed by the cyclic structure and linear growth of the second component, we employ Harnack-type properties for its corresponding traveling wave equation, together with a series of refined analytical arguments, to establish the boundedness of the traveling semifronts. Moreover, traveling waves connecting the disease-free equilibrium to the endemic equilibrium of the system with a specific demographic structure for the susceptible group and a bilinear incidence function are achieved by constructing a suitable Lyapunov function. Finally, the convergence of persistent positive traveling semifronts at +infinity for the original system is illustrated by numerical simulations.
Penicillium expansum is widely recognized as an important cause of postharvest apple decay, owing to its ability to induce blue mold and to produce the mycotoxin patulin, leading to significant economic losses and food safety risks. 1-Octen-3-ol, a natural volatile organic substance, has diverse biological activity. This study investigated the effects of 1-octen-3-ol on the growth, pathogenicity, and patulin biosynthesis of P. expansum, and explored the underlying antifungal mechanisms. Our results demonstrated that 1-octen-3-ol markedly restrained mycelial growth, spore germination, and sporulation, and induced microstructural damage to hyphae and spores. Moreover, 1-octen-3-ol inhibited blue mold development in apple fruit, resulting in an approximately 32% reduction in lesion development and 85% reduction in patulin accumulation in apple fruits. This reduction in patulin was accompanied by a 10%-57% decrease in the expression of patulin biosynthetic genes. Furthermore, 1-octen-3-ol treatment induced excessive reactive oxygen species accumulation, disrupted mitochondrial membrane potential, and promoted apoptosis-like cell death in fungal spores, indicating that the fungus was under severe oxidative stress. Concurrently, the genes expression involved in G-protein signaling network was decreased by 13%-83% following 1-octen-3-ol treatment. These findings reveal that 1-octen-3-ol exerts its inhibitory action by disrupting cellular redox homeostasis and interfering with G-protein signal transduction, thereby inhibited both fungal pathogenicity and secondary metabolite production. Therefore, 1-octen-3-ol presents a promising natural alternative for the management of postharvest blue mold and the mitigation of patulin contamination in apple fruit.
Understanding magmatic-hydrothermal conditions, redox-halogen controls, and fluid evolution is essential for deciphering porphyry Cu-Mo genesis and assessing mineralization potential. The Mujicun porphyry deposit, a major intra-continental Cu-Mo system in the North Taihang Mountain region of the North China Craton, has been studied for magma sources and post-ore thermal events, but its physicochemical conditions, magmatic-hydrothermal evolution processes, and magmatic fertility remain poorly understood. This study integrates in situ major and trace element analyses of biotite, apatite, and zircon from the ore-hosting diorite porphyry to constrain these factors. Magmatic biotite records the highest crystallization temperatures (782.6-879.6 degrees C) together with emplacement pressures of 1.12-2.11 kbar, corresponding to depths of 4.08-7.67 km. Zircon and rutile crystallized at somewhat lower temperatures (mean similar to 700 degrees C), indicating that these minerals crystallized during the early, high-temperature magmatic stages, prior to significant fluid exsolution, with magmatic biotite representing the earliest near-liquidus phase. Hydrothermal biotite yields distinctly lower temperatures (457.2-478.3 degrees C) that overlap with the early ore-forming stage recorded by fluid inclusions (115-515 degrees C), marking the cooling path into the hydrothermal environment. Oxygen fugacity estimates from all three minerals indicate highly oxidized conditions, with a decreasing trend from magmatic to hydrothermal biotite. High fO(2) suppressed early sulfide saturation, enriching Cu and Mo in the residual melt. Halogen geochemistry displays magmatic biotite is Cl-enriched, whereas hydrothermal biotite is relatively F-enriched, reflected by increasing IV(F/Cl) ratios from magmatic to hydrothermal stages. This evolution records preferential Cl partitioning into the exsolved fluid, enhancing Cu transport as chloride complexes, while subsequent F enrichment in later fluid, facilitating Mo mobility as fluoride or molybdate complexes. Apatite displays light REE enrichment, variable Eu anomalies, high Sr contents and Sr/Y ratios, and low Y concentrations, and features those consistent with published Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic data that indicate a hybrid crust-mantle source involving slab-derived melts. Critically, zircon trace-element signatures, specifically high Ce/Ce* and Eu/Eu* ratios, elevated 10000 & times;(Eu/Eu*)/Y values, and consistently low Dy/Yb ratios, collectively attest to high magmatic water contents and strongly oxidized conditions. Such high fO(2) suppressed early sulfide saturation, thereby pre-enriching Cu and Mo in the residual melt, while the elevated magmatic water content drove the timely exsolution of metal-rich fluids. Collectively, this multi-mineral approach attests that the Mujicun mineralized system evolved under water-rich, highly oxidized conditions. The synergy of continuous temperature-driven fluid exsolution and a dual Cl-F complexing mechanism enabled the efficient extraction and transport of Cu and Mo, highlighting the utility of coupled biotite-zircon-apatite geochemistry in evaluating porphyry magmatic fertility.
