The year 2024 marked the 50th anniversary of the discovery of the J/ψ particle, which unveiled the charm quark and the charmonium spectrum, instigating the “November Revolution” in particle physics. This discovery catalyzed the development of quenched potential models, most notably the Cornell model, which provided a foundational quantitative description of the hadronic spectrum. However, the landscape of hadron spectroscopy has been profoundly transformed since the turn of the 21st century with the observation of numerous charmonium-like states, such as X(3872), which exhibit properties starkly at odds with quenched model predictions. These discrepancies, exemplified by the “X(3872) low-mass puzzle” and the “Y problem” associated with vector states like Y(4260), underscore the critical limitations of the quenched approximation and signal the necessity for a new theoretical paradigm. This review synthesizes recent advances in hadronic spectroscopy, arguing that the unquenched picture, which incorporates coupled-channel effects such as hadronic loops, is essential for a unified description of these new states and associated anomalies. We demonstrate how unquenched effects provide compelling solutions to long-standing puzzles in charmonium decays (e.g., the “ρπ puzzle” and anomalous dipion transitions), predict and explain the existence of exotic charged states like Zc(3900) and Zb(10610) via mechanisms such as Initial Single Pion Emission, and offer a framework for understanding interactions between charmonia and with nucleons. Furthermore, we emphasize the universality of unquenched effects, extending their application to bottomonium and light-flavor sectors. As experimental precision continues to improve, we advocate for the systematic development of unquenched hadronic spectroscopy, which heralds a new era of high-precision theoretical and experimental studies, moving decisively beyond the quenched approximation to achieve a more complete understanding of non-perturbative behavior of the strong interaction.
Mitochondrial dysfunction following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a central pathological driver of secondary neuronal damage and neuroinflammation. Mitophagy, a key mitochondrial quality control mechanism, is essential for maintaining neuronal homeostasis and promoting injury repair. However, achieving spatiotemporally precise regulation of mitophagy while simultaneously modulating the neuroimmune microenvironment remains a major challenge. Here, we design an implantable piezoelectric patch that, upon activation by low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS), generates controllable local electrical signals at the injury site and directly acts on damaged neurons. The patch predominantly upregulates Piezo1-sensitive mechanotransduction and induces a transient elevation of mitochondrial Ca2+, thereby contributing to enhanced PINK1/Parkin-associated mitophagy flux. This facilitates the clearance of damaged mitochondria, restores mitochondrial membrane potential, and alleviates oxidative neuronal injury (apoptosis rate reduced from 30.42% to 11.78%). Concurrently, the treatment reduces mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) leakage and the release of pro-inflammatory factors, driving microglial polarization toward the protective M2 phenotype and remodeling the neuroimmune microenvironment. In a mouse model of TBI, this synergistic strategy significantly suppresses neuronal apoptosis, reduces brain tissue loss, increases neuronal survival in the peri-lesional area (3.5-fold increase in NeuN mean fluorescence intensity compared to the TBI group), and decreases glial scar formation, ultimately leading to substantial improvements in motor and cognitive functions. This study presents a piezoelectric-based strategy for TBI therapy that couples mitophagy regulation with neuroimmune remodeling, offering new insights into materials design and potential translational avenues for precise repair of central nervous system injuries.
A graph G is said to be perfectly divisible if for every induced subgraph H of G with at least one edge, the vertex set V(H) can be partitioned into two sets A,B such that H[A] is perfect and ω(B)<ω(H). It is easy to see that the chromatic number of a perfectly divisible graph G is at most (ω(G)+12). Hoàng conjectured that every graph G with α(G)≤3 is perfectly divisible. We disprove this conjecture.In the same vein, a graph G with at least one edge is k-divisible if for every induced subgraph H of G with at least one edge, the vertex set V(H) can be partitioned into k sets, none of which contains a maximum clique of H. Analogously, it is easy to see that the chromatic number of a k-divisible graph G is at most kω(G)−1. Hoàng conjectured that every even-hole-free graph is 3-divisible. We confirm this conjecture.
The spatiotemporal distribution of gaseous mediators is critical for maintaining physiological functions. Biofilms both contain gas-producing bacteria and possess complex architectures that reshape gaseous mediator distribution. However, whether biofilm pathogenicity is linked to such gaseous regulation remains unclear. In this study, we reveal that extracellular DNA (eDNA) within the biofilm matrix contributes to the local retention and enrichment of H2S. This enrichment stabilizes eDNA, strengthens biofilm barriers, impedes gas clearance, promotes bacterial persistence, and induces macrophage immunosuppression, creating a reciprocally protective defensive loop. To dismantle this defense, we engineered a stepwise-responsive biohybrid system in which probiotic-derived engineered minicells actively target hypoxic biofilm regions, while H2S-triggered nanoparticle degradation enables deeper matrix penetration and concurrent H2S scavenging. The retained minicells then catalyze in situ glucose oxidation to generate H2O2, which, together with Fe2+-mediated Fenton-like reactions, degrades eDNA and collapses the biofilm. This strategy eradicates persistent bacteria, reverses immunosuppression, and provides a therapeutic strategy to reduce recurrence and optimize refractory infection treatments.
The spatiotemporal patterns of land consolidation in China have undergone profound reshaping, exerting significant impacts on socioeconomic development. Based on land use data from 2000 to 2024, this study analyzes the multi-scale spatiotemporal evolution and multidimensional effects of Chin’s land consolidation from the two dimensions of quantity and quality, specifically through cultivated land conversion area and cultivated land fragmentation. Significant spatial heterogeneity is identified. Four governance modes emerge: a "high-quantity-high-quality" synergistic improvement in the Northeast Plain; a coexistence of "high-quantity-low-quality" in the Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau; a "low-quantity-high-quality" optimization in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain; and a "low-quantity-low-quality" lag in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. Markov-chain forecasts indicate that cultivated land conversion is mobile under policy intervention and spatial spillovers, whereas cultivated land fragmentation remains rigid and stable due to natural constraints and spatial lock-in. Using the High-Standard Farmland Construction Policy as a quasi-natural experiment, land consolidation is found to have significantly increased grain production capacity and agricultural net carbon sequestration, while its effects on land transfer exhibit marked regional heterogeneity. Stronger policy responses in yield improvement and carbon-sink gains are observed in central western regions and major grain-producing areas, whereas land-transfer markets in eastern China are more sensitive to policy shocks. The study provides systematic empirical evidence for improving territorial-spatial governance and offers China’s experience to global sustainable land management.
