Garlic black rot caused by Aspergillus niger seriously reduces the storage quality and market value of harvested garlic, and microbial volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are environmentally safe replacements for synthetic fungicides. We isolated pathogenic A. niger S15 from rotten garlic and screened antagonistic endophytic Bacillus cereus H1 from Pinellia ternata. HS-GC-IMS confirmed 3-methylvaleric acid (3-MA) as its major active candidate VOC, with an MIC of 45 μL L−1 against A. niger S15. In vitro fumigation tests showed that 3-MA restrained fungal mycelia and spore formation. SEM, PI staining and physiological assays proved it destroyed fungal cell walls and membranes, raising permeability, causing electrolyte leakage and lipid peroxidation, and suppressing ergosterol synthesis. Consequently, LC-MS metabolomics and enzyme tests further revealed that 3-MA first destroyed fungal cell wall and membrane integrity, and further triggered cascading disorders in nucleotide metabolism, TCA cycle, lipid metabolism and intracellular redox homeostasis. In vivo storage trials indicated 3-MA above 40 μL L−1 completely blocked garlic black rot, slowed the decline of phenols and flavonoids, and activated garlic’s defensive enzymes. Comparative assays revealed that A. niger S15 exhibited limited sensitivity to garlic-derived antimicrobial compounds, whereas 3-MA showed strong fumigation-based antifungal activity against multiple phytopathogens. This study elucidates 3-MA's antifungal mechanism and validates its potential as a green fumigant for garlic preservation, offering a novel candidate and theoretical basis for postharvest disease control in Allium crops.
Ecological restoration represents a central challenge for sustainable development, particularly in advanced economies facing persistent ecological deficits. This study empirically examines the effects of artificial intelligence, green transition, and environmental governance on ecological restoration in G7 countries, employing the Load Capacity Factor as an integrated indicator of ecological quality. Using panel data spanning 1990-2020 and advanced panel econometric techniques, the analysis reveals that artificial intelligence exerts a statistically significant negative effect on ecological restoration, reflecting its energy-intensive deployment. In contrast, green transition variables, including renewable energy consumption and green technological innovation, exhibit robust positive impacts on the Load Capacity Factor, confirming its critical role in reducing environmental footprints and advancing sustainability goals. Environmental governance is found to be negatively associated with ecological restoration in the short run, suggesting transitional adjustment costs linked to policy stringency. Furthermore, the results confirm a U-shaped relationship between economic growth and ecological balance, consistent with the Load Capacity Curve hypothesis that early phases of industrialization exacerbate degradation, but economic maturity enables sustainable development through green transitioning efforts. These findings offer nuanced insights into the ecological consequences of technological progress and policy interventions in advanced economies and underline the importance of aligning artificial intelligence development, green transitions, and environmental governance to support long-term ecological sustainability in G7 nations.
The present paper originates from the need to understand nonlinear wave behaviour in dusty plasmas, aiming to explore stable envelope wave propagation and interactions beyond traditional theoretical models. By using nonlinear Schr & ouml;dinger equation (NLSE) analysis and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, the study verifies the existence and stable propagation of non-standard envelope waves. It demonstrates elastic like collisions, introduces tuneable parameters for wave shaping and quantifies error trends with nonlinearity. A key breakthrough is confirming that even analytically invalid waveforms remain stable, challenging NLSE constraints. Present results enhance nonlinear wave theory and support precise, tuneable signal transmission in plasma diagnostics and microgravity experiments.
Under ongoing climate change, changes in net primary productivity (NPP), a key indicator of vegetation growth and ecosystem functioning, are crucial for understanding regional carbon sequestration, forage supply, and ecosystem stability in alpine grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau (TP). However, it is unclear how the NPP of alpine grasslands (including alpine meadow and steppe) on the TP responds to regional climate change. Based on this, we explored the spatial and temporal variations of alpine grassland NPP and its response to changes in temperature, precipitation, solar radiation, vapor pressure deficit, and wind speed over the past forty-one years by using remotely sensed data, the improved Carnegie-Ames-Stanford Approach (CASA) model, higher-order partial correlation analysis, and the Constraint Lines approach. The results showed that: (1) from 1982 to 2022, the NPP of alpine grasslands on the TP showed a slow growth trend, and its spatial distribution pattern showed a prominent characteristic of “low in the northwest and high in the southeast”. The NPP of the alpine meadow is higher, while that of the alpine steppe is relatively lower. (2) The correlation between the NPP of alpine grasslands on the TP and temperature and precipitation is closer than that with solar radiation, vapor pressure deficit, and wind speed. Temperature and precipitation explained 28
Thermally driven hydrogenation of CO2 to light olefins (C2 =-C4 =) using metal oxide-zeolite tandem catalysts is an effective strategy for achieving carbon neutrality. However, progress in this area is constrained by zeolite pore transport limitations, acid-site inactivation, and surface carbon poisoning. To address these issues, we replaced conventional zeolites with La-modified ZIF-8 and combined it with hollow cubic In2O3 to develop a novel In2O3-La-ZIF-8 tandem catalyst. Our study investigates the effects of the hydrothermal reaction temperature used for synthesizing In2O3 and the La content in ZIF-8 on catalytic performance. We also found that the oxygen vacancy (OV) concentration in In2O3 can be substantially regulated by adjusting the hydrothermal temperature. The In2O3 sample with the highest OV concentration not only promotes the formation of reaction intermediates but also markedly reduces the energy barrier of the rate-determining step in methanol synthesis. Comprehensive characterization and simulation analyses indicate that La incorporation enhances the thermal stability of ZIF-8, improves its ability to adsorb and activate reaction intermediates, and effectively adjusts its acid-base properties. Under a reaction pressure of 3.0 MPa and a temperature of 360 degrees C, the hollow cubic In2O3-La-ZIF-8 tandem catalyst achieves 23.5% CO2 conversion with 65.3% C2 =-C4 = selectivity. (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)-(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) , (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)CO2(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(C2 =-C4 =) , (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic) , (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic),(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) , (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)La(sic)(sic)(sic)ZIF-8(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) , (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)In2O3(sic)(sic)(sic) , (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)In2O3-La-ZIF-8(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)In2O3(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)ZIF-8(sic)La(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)In2O3(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) , (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)In2O3(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) , (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) , La(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)ZIF-8(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) , (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) , (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).(sic)3.0 MPa,360 degrees C(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic) , (sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)In2O3-La-ZIF-8(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)23.5%(sic)CO2(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)65.3%(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic)(sic).
