The detailed investigation of reaction mechanisms is nowadays a requirement in nearly all fields of chemistry. Molecular spectroscopy can provide key pieces of information on the reaction scheme. Among all available techniques, vibrational spectroscopy ones (notably mid- IR absorption, Near-IR absorption, non-resonant Raman scattering, Resonance Raman scattering) represent possibly the most appropriate approaches to get valuable insight on reaction mechanism. In this account/perspective, following the research I have developed so far in different fields (ranging from photochemistry/photobiology to surface chemistry), I will describe the most appropriate vibrational spectroscopy techniques needed to get specific pieces of information. Emphasis will be put on the interplay between the different vibrational spectroscopies, and on the synergy with advanced data analysis techniques, quantum chemistry calculations, and other experimental approaches. After general conclusions, the perspectives in the field of vibrational spectroscopy applied to the study of reaction mechanisms—or, more broadly speaking, to the study of time-evolving systems—will be presented.
Given the increasing importance of co-creation within sport ecosystems and the growing challenges in hosting Major Sport Events (MSEs), UEFA Euro 2020 provides an unprecedented, novel context for the exploration of branding challenges and opportunities for brand owners. To understand how Euro 2020 host city brand identities are co-created and developed, and the extent to which brand identity is aligned between the competition (MSE) brand and sub (host city) brands within the Euro 2020 ecosystem, senior managers with a significant influence on brand development were interviewed. Findings identified three core themes, with each divided into two sub-themes: differentiation and blended brand identity signals (brand identity signals; host city differentiation); brand management ecosystem (brand management process; multiple interconnected relationships); limited planning and proposed evaluation (short-term approach; no long-term plan for evaluation). Based on these findings, a four-phased systematic framework to understand and manage alignment and identities of MSE brands is proposed.
Mangrove wetlands provide many ecosystem services and support biodiversity. The diversity of epifauna on mangrove roots has not yet been well characterized in many regions compared to other faunal groups, despite its importance for energy transfer. The aim of this study was to integrate and update the taxonomic list of fauna associated with submerged roots of the red mangrove, Rhizophora mangle , to fill an existing gap for the characterization of mangroves in the Colombian Caribbean. A total of 43 bibliographic sources met the search criteria, from which a taxonomic list was compiled. This list included updated species names verified through the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) and the Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS). The literature reviewed revealed a total of nine phyla with 195 families, 344 genera, and 391 species. The greatest species richness is contributed by the phyla Arthropoda (Subphylum Crustacea) with 169 taxa, Mollusca with 141 taxa, and Annelida with 114 taxa. The highest richness was found in Tayrona Ecoregion (TAY) and the lowest in Palomino Ecoregion (PAL). These results reveal submerged roots of R. mangle in the Colombian Caribbean as an important biogenic habitat for biodiversity which is the basis for the development of other ecosystem services and the need to keep working on ecoregions with few or no records.
