Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a progressive neurological disorder that affects individuals worldwide. One of the most distressing aspects of this condition is the inability to use one’s limbs effectively, despite their physical presence. By the time symptoms become clinically evident, approximately 10–15 years have elapsed, during which significant and irreversible neurodegeneration has already occurred. Emerging research characterizes PD as a multifactorial disorder involving complex and interconnected biological pathways, making single-biomarker approaches insufficient for comprehensive detection. Consequently, there is a critical need to develop advanced biosensors capable of simultaneously detecting multiple biomarkers. However, challenges such as biomarker heterogeneity, variability in expression levels, and limited clinical validation continue to hinder the development of robust diagnostic strategies. In this context, optical biosensors have gained prominence due to their exceptional sensitivity, label-free detection capabilities, rapid response times, and compatibility with diverse PD biomarkers. Technologies such as surface plasmon resonance, Raman and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and optical fibre-based sensors offer powerful avenues for real-time quantification of α-synuclein proteoforms, inflammatory mediators, and PD-associated nucleic acids. Despite these advantages, issues related to sensor reproducibility, lack of standardization, and challenges in large-scale implementation remain significant barriers, which are critically examined in this article. It also highlights the role of established and emerging biomarkers in PD pathophysiology and explores how optical biosensing technologies provide sensitive, specific, and minimally invasive platforms for early detection. Furthermore, we discuss future prospects, including the development of multiplexed detection systems, integration with microfluidics and wearable technologies.
ABSTRACT Solid‐state nuclear magnetic resonance (ss‐NMR) is a potent analytical technique for investigating the dynamic, structural, and chemical stability characteristics of complex pharmaceutical compounds. This review presents recent advances in ss‐NMR applications in investigating various drug categories, including hormonal peptides, central nervous system drugs, antibiotics, and macromolecular therapeutics. This review also discuss the mechanism through which ss‐NMR elucidates subtle molecular interactions, degradation pathways, polymorphism, and drug‐excipient compatibility under normal or stressed environments. The study also explores combining ss‐NMR with cutting‐edge methods like cryo‐electron microscopy and computational modeling, enhancing structural resolution, and functional insight. Despite its analytical strength, ss‐NMR remains underutilized in routine pharmaceutical quality control, particularly for early detection of chemical instability. Thus, ss‐NMR is a research subject and a transformative approach in regulatory‐compliant drug stability testing.
The advent of drone technology has led to groundbreaking advancements across various industries, including warehousing operations. In recent years, warehouse drones have garnered significant attention due to their potential to revolutionize traditional inventory management and order fulfillment processes. This paper presents a comprehensive review that synthesizes findings from more than 120 research papers on drone-enabled practices in warehouses. The review systematically considers multiple parameters, including drone function (inventory counting, mapping, surveillance, inspection, and intralogistics support), robot platforms used (UAV, UAV-AGV), deployment architecture (single and multi-drone system), validation approach (real-time and simulation), technology and methodology used (modern electronic devices, AI, and IOT), and environmental context (dynamic and static). Furthermore, the paper explores the diverse applications of warehouse drones in inventory management, maintenance and inspection, picking and packaging, goods transportation, security and surveillance, and warehouse layout optimization. The review highlights that most studies still rely on single-UAV systems tested mainly in simulations, with only a few real-time demonstrations of fully autonomous performance inside real warehouses. Although multi-drone approaches are emerging to improve scalability, they continue to struggle with coordination and safety. Research remains largely focused on static environments, with dynamic warehouse conditions receiving far less attention despite their practical importance. The findings of the review are presented with the tabulated results and a comparative table to provide a better understanding of the review work, which helps to identify the existing literature gap. The review presents its findings through clear tables and comparisons, making it easier to understand existing studies and pinpoint the gaps in the current literature.
The present study investigated the hydrogeochemical characteristics and spatial variability of subsurface water quality in the Pairi River Basin (≈1305.82 km2), Chhattisgarh, India. A total of 79 groundwater samples were collected during the premonsoon phase (May–June 2024) and analyzed for 13 physicochemical and 5 heavy metal parameters following standard protocols. The suitability of groundwater for drinking purposes was evaluated using the water quality index (WQI) and heavy metal pollution index (HMPI). The results revealed that carbonate‒silicate rock weathering, ionic action, and groundwater residence time regulate mineralization, resulting in predominant Ca2+–Mg2+–Cl––SO42– and mixed ionic facies. The strong association between Ca2+–NO3––Cd–Cr ions resulted from carbonate dissolution and metal mobilization coupled with unsustainable agricultural practices, whereas elevated Mn and Fe levels indicated redox–controlled geogenic release. The WQI classified 49.4
The present study describes the rational design, synthesis, and nano formulation of a Rosuvastatin-Curcumin (RS-CU) conjugate aimed at overcoming the limitations of poor bioavailability and systemic adverse effects associated with conventional statin therapy. The RS-CU conjugate was synthesized via an esterification reaction and confirmed through FTIR, NMR, and mass spectrometry. The conjugate was successfully encapsulated into poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles, which exhibited uniform spherical morphology with an average particle size of 152.6 ± 3.2 nm, a zeta potential of -22.4 ± 1.1 mV, and an entrapment efficiency of 82.7 ± 2.5%. In vitro release studies indicated sustained, diffusion-controlled drug release over 12 h, following the Higuchi kinetic model (R2 = 0.982). Ex vivo intestinal permeation studies revealed significantly higher permeation of RS-CU nanoparticles (82.67 ± 1.38%) compared to the pure conjugate solution (54.25 ± 1.74%) (p < 0.01), demonstrating enhanced absorption potential. Cytotoxicity evaluation on RAW 264.7 macrophages showed markedly improved growth inhibition for RS-CU nanoparticles (IC₅₀ = 23.3 μM) relative to single-drug nano formulations, indicating synergistic therapeutic action. The conjugate also exhibited potent COX-2 inhibition (84.62 ± 1.18% at 200 μg/mL), comparable to diclofenac sodium, supported by molecular docking interactions with key residues (Arg120, Ser530, Tyr355). Overall, the RS-CU conjugate-loaded nanoparticles provide a dual lipid-lowering and anti-inflammatory therapeutic platform, showing strong potential for effective atherosclerosis management.
