The Medical University of Silesia (Polish: Śląski Uniwersytet Medyczny) is a university located in Katowice, Poland.The university has 10,218 students and a teaching staff of 1201, including 295 professors. There are five faculties: Medicine, Dentistry, Pharmacy, Public Health, Health Sciences (includes degrees in nursing, physical therapy, dietetics).
This update and revision of the international guideline for urticaria was developed in accordance with the methods recommended by Cochrane and the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) working group. It is an initiative of the Global Allergy and Asthma Excellence Network (GA(2)LEN) and its Urticaria and Angioedema Centers of Reference and Excellence (UCAREs and ACAREs), with the participation of 210 delegates from 107 national and international societies, from 59 countries. The consensus conference was held on December 6th, 2024. This guideline was acknowledged and accepted by the European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS). Urticaria is a frequent, mast cell-driven disease, defined by a rapid appearance of wheals, angioedema, or both. The lifetime prevalence of acute urticaria is estimated to be approximately 20%. Chronic urticaria, categorized as either chronic spontaneous urticaria or chronic inducible urticaria, is disabling, impairs quality of life, and affects performance at work and school, however, novel therapies are available. This updated version of the international guideline for urticaria covers the definition and classification of urticaria and outlines expert-guided and evidence-based diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the different subtypes of urticaria.
Background: Sports-related eye injuries are a significant problem, and most of them are potentially preventable through appropriate safety procedures and eye protection (Leivo et al., 2015; Hua & Yan, 2020; Moe et al., 2023). The dynamics of play, physical contact, and the use of equipment increase the risk of mechanical injury to the visual system. Epidemiological data indicate that the highest number of injuries is associated with popular team sports such as football (soccer), basketball, and baseball, with the dominant mechanism being ball impact or accidental bodily contact (Lee et al., 2021; Leivo et al., 2015; Ashraf et al., 2022; Haring et al., 2016). Aim: The aim of the article is to assess the risk of eye injuries in team sports and to analyze the impact of safety procedures on their incidence. Material and Methods: This paper is a narrative review prepared as a systematic review of the scientific literature on the risk of eye injuries in team sports and the influence of safety procedures on their frequency. The literature search was conducted in the PubMed database and covered publications from 2000-2026. Peer‑reviewed scientific articles were included. Results: The highest risk of eye injuries is observed in popular ball games with high ball speed and intensive physical contact (football/soccer, basketball, handball). Implementation of comprehensive preventive strategies - including eye protection and educational programs - can reduce the incidence and severity of injuries by as much as 70-100% (Moe et al., 2023; Mishra et al., 2024; Mazarelo et al., 2023). Conclusions: Effective prevention of eye injuries in team sports requires the integration of medical and organizational interventions. The introduction of standardized safety procedures significantly reduces the frequency of injuries. The combination of medical and organizational analysis should form the basis for designing effective eye‑injury prevention programs in team sports.
Heterocyclic compounds have enormous pharmacological potential and therefore play a key role in the design of new drugs. Dipyridothiazines, both heterocyclic compounds and phenothiazine derivatives, exhibit promising anticancer, immunostimulatory, and antioxidant activities. The aim of this study was to design, synthesize, and evaluate the cytotoxicity of new 10-heteroaryl dipyridothiazines based on 2,7- and 3,6-diazaphenothiazine cores. The structural characterization of the new compounds was confirmed by spectroscopic methods. Cytotoxicity analysis was performed using the MTT assay against human keratinocytes (HaCaT) and two types of cancer cell lines: breast cancer (MDA-MB-231), lung carcer (A-549). The reference drugs used in the study were doxorubicin and cisplatin. The group of derivatives studied included active compounds as well as inactive derivatives. In order to explain differences in an activity level, molecular modelling supported by molecular dynamics was performed on histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6), a known therapeutic target associated with oncogenic transformation and cancer metastasis. Molecular docking indicated that the derivative formed on the 2,7-diazaphenothiazine core is a more potent HDAC6 inhibitor, characterized by more stable binding and more favourable complex energy, despite minimal structural differences compared to the compound formed on the 3,6-diazaphenothiazine core. A preliminary SAR analysis was performed.
Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) have emerged as effective therapies for type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity, as they improve glycaemic control, promote weight loss and modulate metabolic processes. However, their potent appetite-suppressing effects pose a complex challenge in patients with or at risk of eating disorders (EDs). This narrative review examines the dual role of GLP-1RAs in weight management and in the development or exacerbation of EDs, such as binge eating disorder (BED) and bulimia nervosa (BN). GLP-1RAs have been reported to reduce binge-eating episodes in some trials, but evidence is limited and often inconsistent due to small sample sizes. Conversely, psychiatric adverse effects - including anxiety, depression and disordered eating behaviours - have been observed, raising concerns about the use of these medications in individuals susceptible to EDs. There are case reports of extreme appetite suppression, pathological dietary restriction and psychiatric complications with GLP-1RA therapy, sometimes necessitating discontinuation. Moreover, GLP-1RAs influence brain reward pathways, which may further complicate their impact on eating behaviours. Although these drugs hold promise for mitigating certain ED symptoms, this review highlights the need for caution when prescribing GLP-1RAs to patients with disordered eating and calls for further research to delineate their benefits and risks in this population.
Recent evidence questioned the overall safety and efficacy of colchicine in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD), as novel evidence focusing on acute coronary syndromes (ACSs) gave neutral results, while trials focusing on chronic coronary syndrome supported colchicine administration to improve long-term outcomes. However, no study has ever explored whether there is a true therapeutic difference across the populations or these discrepancies are due to additional confounders. Against this background, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials of colchicine in patients with CAD. The primary endpoints were trial-defined major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE) and serious adverse events (SAEs). Secondary endpoints included all-cause death, measures of ischemia (cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction [MI], any revascularization, stroke) and measures of safety (serious infections or sepsis and gastrointestinal adverse events). All analyses included an interaction term for the clinical presentation. Sensitivity analyses were performed to explore sources of heterogeneity. After literature search, 20 trials encompassing a total of 21,486 patients (65.4% ACS) were included. Colchicine significantly reduced MACE (incidence rate ratio [IRR]: 0.70; 95% CI 0.55-0.87) without increasing risk for SAEs. Colchicine also reduced MI (IRR 0.81; 95% CI 0.70-0.94) and any revascularization (IRR 0.71; 95% CI 0.51-0.99), while increasing the risk of gastrointestinal adverse events (IRR 1.68; 95% CI 1.23-2.28). No statistically significant interaction was noted for clinical presentation for any endpoint, but a significant interaction for the drug dosage administered and the relationship with the COVID-19 pandemic was noted. In conclusion, the use of colchicine in patients with CAD reduces MACE without significantly increasing SAEs compared to control, although increasing gastrointestinal adverse events, without interaction by clinical presentation.
