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AIM:To identify factors contributing to gender disparities in the receipt of bystander cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), we examined patient age group and bystander category. METHODS:We analyzed witnessed out-of-hospital cardiac arrests of presumed cardiac etiology from a nationwide Japanese registry (2005-2023). Gender differences in receipt of bystander CPR were evaluated across five age groups (≤14, 15-49, 50-64, 65-74, ≥75 years) and five bystander categories. Logistic regression and effect modification analyses were performed to assess the relative contributions and relationships of these factors. RESULTS:Among 453,441 eligible patients, females were more likely than males to receive bystander CPR overall. However, among patients aged 15-49 and 50-64 years, females were less likely to receive CPR, whereas the opposite pattern was observed in those aged ≥75 years. When bystanders were friends, colleagues, or passersby, females were less likely to receive CPR across all adult age groups. Clear interaction was observed between gender and bystander category, but not age group. Risk differences for not receiving CPR in friends compared with family were 4.0% vs 14.3% for females and males, respectively. When bystanders were staff or related personnel, these differences were 31.4% vs 27.7%. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) for gender was 1.100 (95% CI, 1.084-1.113; female vs male), whereas that for bystander category reached 3.555 (95% CI, 3.500-3.611; staff or related personnel vs family). CONCLUSIONS:Bystander category was more strongly associated with CPR receipt than patient gender.
ABSTRACT Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers and gangrenes, third edition, are fully revised guidelines drafted by the Japanese Dermatological Association Wound/Pressure Ulcer/Burn Guidelines Drafting Committee. They were developed in a systematic and transparent manner with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach. In the three clinical questions with meta‐analyses, imaging procedure for osteomyelitis, topical negative‐pressure wound therapy, platelet‐rich plasma thrapy, were weakly recommended in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetic foot ulcers and gangrenes. General information on diagnosis, prevention, assessment, and unconventional treatment of diabetic foot ulcers and gangrenes was also provided.
