The Next Generation EU (NGEU) program was aimed at a resilient recovery by building on the European Green Deal after COVID-19 had exacerbated the social crisis in Europe., This paper explores whether these policies have broadened the scope and have accelerated the twin transition (green and digital) in Italy, whose national recovery and resilience plan (NRRP), received the largest share of the NGEU's funding. Specifically, we investigate whether NRRP measures are increasing the innovation of business models in an entrepreneurial landscape dominated by family firms that often have fragile organizational structures. Using micro-data regarding almost 3000 Italian firms, our findings suggest that the NRRP is effectively helping to tackle the twin transition challenge. We show that when firms initiate NRRP projects: (i) non-twin-transition firms are more likely to start the twin transition (extensive margin); (ii) twin-transition firms are more likely to continue investing in the twin transition (intensive margin); (iii) there is an expansion in the twin transition particularly in disadvantaged entrepreneurial segments/areas (inclusive margin); (iv) the twin transition improves firm-level performance (innovation margin).
This paper examines Macau’s bond market development as a strategy for economic diversification, highlighting the need for a comprehensive securities law (Lei dos Valores mobiliários [LVM]). Recent progress includes the establishment of the China (Macau) Financial Assets Exchange Co. Ltd (MOX) and the Macao Central Securities Depository and Clearing (MCSD), which have improved market infrastructure and transparency. The current fragmented regulatory framework, however, requires the LVM to streamline oversight and enhance investor confidence. The LVM is crucial for fostering a liquid secondary market and positioning Macau as a competitive financial hub. This article is also included in The Business & Management Collection which can be accessed at https://hstalks.com/business/.
This study contributes to the literature on public debt sustainability and investigates whether Europeancountries manage primary surplus also through interest rate swaps. Since the 1990s European countrieshave extensively employed Over The Counter (OTC) contracts such as swaps to smooth the financialcosts of debt, shift part of debt forward, and exploit the lack of accounting transparency of thesecontracts. One of the primary goals of the EU fiscal framework is to ensure public debt sustainability.Several proposals have been considered to improve the current framework, yet none of them hasaddressed the issue of debt sustainability when countries use swaps. This is the first empiricalinvestigation that confirms the use of swaps by European countries in the 2006-2018 period to improvethe primary balance. According to panel data results, EU countries increased the primary surplus in the2006-2018 period following a rising debt and took corrective action by actively managing their debt withswaps; this evidence is in line with the hypothesis of the strategic use of swaps by public administrationswidely described in the theoretical literature on debt management. Policy implications and proposals toimprove the current European fiscal framework are provided.
The study aims to identify the factors that affect primary-level student results and the factors that affect secondary-level student results. For this study responses were collected randomly from 501 primary level students and 165 secondary level students by adminstraating two interview schedules. In this study, IBM SPSS statistics were used for the chi-square test. The study revealed that at the primary level age of the student, gender of the student, presence in a month, illness in a month, father’s occupation, number of family members, number of siblings, opportunity to use internet, use of mobile phone, read a textbook in a day (time), distance from home to school, way to go to home to school, got book early in the year, go to school with school dress, methods of teachers take class were the important factors that effect on students result. And in the secondary level the study found, student present in a month, illness in a month and got book early in the year were the important factors that affect student results. Further, necessary suggestions were given to improve education in char area of Faridpur district.
The present study responds to the following question: What factors determined the location of manufacturing industries in Peruvian regions for the years 1963 and 1974? Using the data of the Economic Censuses conducted in 1963 and 1974 by the Peruvian government, we evaluate the factors that influenced the location decisions. For this aim, we apply the methodology proposed by Midelfart-Knarvik et al. (2000, 2001), which integrates in a model the factors that the Heckscher-Ohlin (H-O) and the New Economic Geography (NEG) theories consider important to explain industrial location decisions. Among them, they consider the influence of the regional endowment of resources and the intensity of their use in industries (H-O theory), as well as the influence of the market potential and the backward or forward linkages between industries or the economies of scale in industries (NEG theory). Our findings indicate that for this period of analysis in Peru, the factors related to agricultural endowment, electrical energy, financial capital (components related to the H-O theory), backward linkages and the economies of scale (components related to the NEG theory) were influential in determining the industrial location decisions of the manufacturing sector across regions. The results also indicate that the two components associated with the NEG theory have the highest weighted impact on manufacturing location decisions. Another relevant aspect is that our findings allow us to partially understand the agglomeration of industries in some regions, particularly in the capital of the country, Lima.
