This paper proposes an adaptive Overcurrent (OC) relay protection scheme that combines load forecasting and clustering-based operating state identification to dynamically adjust relay settings. A Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model predicts feeder current, allowing the system to proactively select appropriate relay setting groups for different load conditions. The method is validated on the IEEE 33-bus distribution network. Results show that the forecasting model achieves an Mean Absolute Percentage Error (MAPE) of 2.94 %, while the relay settings derived from predicted loads closely match those obtained from actual data. The difference in operating time is negligible between forecast-based and actual coordination and a safety protection mechanism is employed to deal with the forecast or classification errors by switching to a safe backup protection group. These results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in maintaining reliable protection performance under changing operating conditions through SCADA, and are activated using IEC 61,850 protocols and GOOSE-based group switching mechanisms. The time-domain analysis shows a worst-case timing deviation below 41 ms, well within the 300 ms Coordination Time Interval (CTI) requirement.
This study investigates financial development and economic growth and moderated for the role of national security, environmental sustainability and green bonds in the emerging economies using annual time series data which covered the period of 2000 to 2022, panel differenced and system generalized method of moment (GMM) as the baseline model as well as fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) and dynamic ordinary least squares (DOLS) as the models for robustness checks. Financial development was stratified into financial development-financial institution access index and financial institution depths index and financial markets-measured with financial markets access index and financial markets depths index. Also, national security were measured with military expenditure, global peace index and global terrorism index, environmental sustainability was measured with indicators such as ecological footprint, biodiversity index and renewable energy share, while the green bonds were measured with environmental protection expenditure and carbon footprint of bank loans as we controlled for climate change and foreign remittances. Findings from the GMM results revealed that while financial development and green bonds shows positive and significant effects on the economic growth in the emerging economies, the national security had negative effects, while the environmental sustainability had significant negative and positive effects on the economic growth of the emerging economies and similar findings were made from the results of the robustness checks (FMOLS) and (DOLS). Also, from the results of the interactive effects financial development with national security, environmental sustainability green bonds, we found that the variables had significant effects on the economic growth. In addition, findings from the marginal effects (ME) and threshold effects (TH) results revealed that while financial development improves economic growth, additional effects of national security, environmental sustainability and green bonds may have adverse effects on the economic growth in the emerging economies at a certain threshold. Based on these findings, this study recommends that financial development, national security and environmental sustainability should be improved by the authorities to forestall economic growth in the emerging economies.
The overlapping symptoms of ADHD, developmental trauma, and attachment difficulties in children complicate accurate assessment and intervention. Despite this, limited research has explored the efficacy of Theraplay for children with experiences of both ADHD and developmental trauma. This study evaluated the efficacy of a 30-hour, neuro-collaborative, Theraplay-informed intervention for looked-after children with ADHD, comparing outcomes to a non-ADHD control group. A mixed design was implemented, with two groups (ADHD and non-ADHD; N = 14 per group) participating between March 2019 and March 2024. The intervention included 10 h of therapeutic parenting based on Theraplay parent sessions and principles of dyadic developmental parenting, 10 h of family therapy based on the principles of Theraplay, and 10 h of sensory regulation work tailored to the child or family unit. Pre- and post-intervention outcomes were measured using the Assessment Checklist for Children (ACC), Behaviour Rating Inventory of Executive Functioning – 2nd Edition (BRIEF-2), Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL), and Trauma Symptom Checklist for Young Children (TSCYC). Paired t-tests in the ADHD group revealed significant post-intervention reductions in CBCL total problems, rule-breaking behaviour, oppositional defiance, and TSCYC anxiety scores. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) results found no significant differences between the ADHD and non-ADHD groups when controlling age, and gender, pre-test scores as covariates and post-test scores as the dependent variable. These findings suggest positive therapeutic outcomes for ADHD children with an improvement rate similar to their matched controls.
This study investigates the steady, laminar boundary-layer flow of an incompressible, magnetized Buongiorno nanofluid past a semi-infinite vertical plate, incorporating Hall current and ion-slip effects. Driven by the growing demand for smart functional nanomaterials, the nonlinear, dimensionless boundary-value problem is formulated and solved numerically using the second-order implicit Keller-Box method under appropriate physical boundary conditions. The effects of thermophoresis (N-t), buoyancy ratio (N-r), Brownian motion (N-b), magnetic interaction parameter (N-m), Hall parameter (beta(e)), ion-slip parameter (beta i), and tangential coordinate (xi) on the primary and secondary velocity components, temperature, nanoparticle concentration, skin-friction coefficients (C-fx, C-gx), and the Nusselt and Sherwood numbers are examined both graphically and numerically. The numerical results show strong agreement with existing literature, confirming the accuracy of the model. This study presents a novel analysis of combined heat and mass transfer in magneto-convection nanofluid flow along a vertical semi-infinite surface under Hall and ion-slip effects. The results reveal that increasing beta(e) enhances both primary and secondary velocity components while reducing temperature and nanoparticle concentration. Increasing beta(i) strengthens the primary velocity component but decreases the secondary velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration. A N m reduces the primary velocity but increases the secondary velocity, temperature, and nanoparticle concentration. The findings have potential applications in the design of industrial power systems, electronic thermal management, and advanced cooling technologies where efficient heat transfer and precise thermal control are essential.
Background Patient and public involvement and engagement (PPIE) in healthcare research has gained international recognition given its role in enhancing research relevance, quality, and impact; however, empirical evidence from non-Western contexts, including Hong Kong, remains limited. This study investigated how patients and the public perceive PPIE in healthcare research within a newly formed Patient and Public Advisory Committee in a newly formed research group-Digital Oncology Care Enhancement Lab in Hong Kong. Methods Eleven participants, including seven cancer patients, one caregiver, and three social workers with experience in cancer care, were purposively recruited during the committee's first formal engagement meeting. Two focus groups were conducted concurrently in March 2025. Data were collected via semi-structured interviews. The sessions were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using reflexive thematic analysis. Results Four major themes were identified: (1) Experience and Understanding of PPIE, including limited prior exposure, conceptual uncertainty, and unfamiliarity with its practices; (2) Perceived Benefits of PPIE, including improved patient-centered care, empowerment in health self-management, research quality, institutional service, and public health governance; (3) Perceived Barriers to PPIE, including personal constraints (time, privacy, psychological burden), limited research literacy (knowledge gaps and language or communication challenges), restricted access to participants, and researcher-dominated environments; and (4) Perceived Facilitators of PPIE, including trust in researchers, transparency in research processes, self-efficacy in health management, shared gains, long-term collaboration, flexibility, training, and incentives. Conclusion This study contributes to the literature on PPIE in East Asian contexts by highlighting the initial perceptions and anticipatory views of PPIE among a specific, oncology-focused cohort. The findings indicate the need to develop a shared understanding of PPIE among patients, healthcare researchers, and the public. The identified facilitators and barriers provide practical guidance for researchers to implement PPIE successfully in healthcare research within the oncology context.
