The monitoring of environmental policies in Europe has taken place since the 1980s and still remains a challenge for decision- and policy-making. For forests, it is concretized through the publication of a State Of Europe’s Forests every five years, the last report just been released. However, the process lacks a clear analytical framework and appears limited to orient and truly assess sustainable management of European forests. We classified the 34 quantitative sustainable forest management indicators in the Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response (DPSIR) framework to analyse gaps in the process. In addition, we classified biodiversity-related indicators in the simpler Pressure-State-Response (PSR) framework. We showed that most of the sustainable forest management indicators assess the state of European forests, but almost half could be classified in another DPSIR category. For biodiversity, most indicators describe pressures, while direct taxonomic state indicators are very few. Our expert-based classification show that sustainable forest management indicators are unbalanced regarding the DPSIR framework. However, completing this framework with other indicators would help to have a better view and more relevant tools for decision-making. The results for biodiversity were comparable, but we showed that some indicators from other criteria than the one dedicated to biodiversity could also help understanding threats and actions concerning it. Such classification helps in the decision process, but is not sufficient to fully support policy initiative. In particular, the next step would be to better understand the links between DPSIR and PSR categories.
retention was of 36% by mass, and this for any VFA concentration used. Whatever the VFA composition, VFA were rapidly consumed in about 10 h, 20 h and 30 h for an initial concentration of 5g/L, 10g/L and 20g/L respectively. Results show that the initial concentration in the leachate, the VFA mass retained and the degradation kinetics are the three parameters that would allow to optimize the VFA degradation in old reactors without putting at risk their biological equilibrium. A further analysis can help to design the recycling frequency of an industrial site based on this approach thus improving the system efficiency and substrate degradation
In dry anaerobic digestors operated in batch mode where a liquid phase is sprinkled on a static solid phase, the choice of a liquid or a solid recycle form a previous batch into a new one is a key factor for a better industrial management when looking for a balance between energy production, substrate biodegradability and the initial investment. This work aims at studying the influence of this recycling on the kinetics and the performances of three systems filled-up with only solid cow manure. In the first batch the solid fraction (SF) of a previous reactor is recycled in the new system, in the second only the liquid fraction (LF) is recycled while in the third none was used and the system was started only with water (W). Results show that the use of the LF is a better choice in terms of volumetric methane production, whereas using SF is more useful to improve the kinetics of the process and the VS degradation. In contrast, the third batch shows that an additional inoculation is not absolutely necessary for manure. Indeed, the simple use of water does not conduct to a start-up failure but induces lower global performances.
