پارازایلن بهدلیل کاربردهای گسترده، مهمترین و پر مصرفترین ایزومر در مخلوط زایلنها شناختهمیشود. وجود اتیلبنزن بهعنوان جزء نامطلوب در میان ایزومرهای زایلن، همواره از چالشهای اساسی در فرایند ایزومریزاسیون زایلنها است و بهمنظور عملکرد بهینۀ فرایند، تبدیل اتیلبنزن به محصولات دیگر ضروری است. از سوی دیگر علاوه بر تبدیل مؤثر اتیلبنزن، باید از هدررفت زایلنها بهنحو مطلوبی جلوگیریشود. از این رو کاتالیست مورد استفاده باید گزینشپذیری شکلی بالایی نسبت به تبدیل اتیلبنزن داشتهباشد. بهکارگیری فلزات هیدروژناسیون مناسب و روشهای مختلف اصلاح سطح، شامل سیلانیزاسیون، آلومینیومزدایی و مسمومیت گزینشی، همچنین استفاده از بایندرهای مختلف، بهمنظور دستیابی به حداکثر تبدیل اتیلبنزن و حداقل اتلاف زایلنها در طراحی و ساخت کاتالیستهای فرایند ایزومریزاسیون زایلن بررسی شدهاست. این مطالعه با هدف بهبود عملکرد فرایند مذکور، به بررسی پژوهشهای انجامشده در مورد تأثیر روشهای اصلاح مذکور و همچنین، تغییر شرایط عملیاتی، بر عملکرد کاتالیست فرایندهای تبدیل اتیلبنزن و ایزومریزاسیون زایلنها میپردازد.
Researchers in environmental science have concentrated on eliminating bisphenol A, a pollutant known to disrupt endocrine function with estrogenic effects. This research explores the photodegradation of bisphenol A in an aqueous solution utilizing as-synthesized photocatalyst under exposure to sunlight and UVA. Characterization techniques including PL, SEM, UV–visible DRS, EDX, Mapping, FTIR, XRD, and VSM confirmed the superparamagnetic behavior (12.07 emu/g) and anatase TiO2 phase of the nanocomposite, with a bandgap energy of 3.01 eV. Photocatalytic degradation experiments, conducted using response surface methodology, demonstrated that the highest removal of bisphenol A under sunlight radiation was 74
Ionic liquids (ILs) are recognized as environmentally friendly solvents due to their high CO2 absorption capacity, ease of recovery, and chemical stability, making them a promising alternative to conventional solvents for CO2 capture. In this study, a rate-based mathematical model was developed for a rotating packed bed (RPB) absorber employing 1-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([bmim][PF6]) as the solvent. The model incorporates mass, energy, and momentum balances, coupled with a thermodynamic model whose parameters were determined using experimental data. The rate-based model was validated against experimental results obtained from the RPB absorber. To enhance predictive accuracy, a sensitivity analysis of various mass transfer correlations was conducted, and simulations were performed based on the outcomes of this analysis. The model provided detailed radial profiles of pressure, gas and liquid flow rates, CO2 concentration, temperature, volumetric mass transfer coefficients, and both gas- and liquid-phase resistances. The results indicated that the CO2 capture efficiency and mass transfer coefficients in both phases increased with rotational speed along the bed’s radial direction. Furthermore, the RPB was designed for a flue gas stream from a fired heater in a petrochemical unit containing 10.74 mol % CO2. The optimal liquid-to-gas ratio at a large scale was found to be 0.3 kg/kg, achieving a CO2 removal efficiency of 98%. Under these conditions, the required motor power at an outer radius of 1.55 m was approximately 24.6 kW. Furthermore, comparison with a conventional packed bed showed that the liquid-phase volumetric mass transfer coefficient in the RPB was significantly higher, confirming its superior mass transfer performance.
The structural geometry within the fold and thrust belts is of particular significance. Consequently, a balanced regional cross-section based on surface, seismic, and subsurface data has been constructed with 236 km lenght perpendicular to the trend of folded strucutres axies in the North Dezful Embayment and the Abadan Plain in the Zagros Fold and Thrust Belt. The cross-section is divided into three districts.The geological structural crosssection passes through the Zagros Simply Folded Belt (the NE and SW Dezful Embayment districts) and the Mesopotamian foreland basin (the Abadan Plain district). This cross-section allowed to study the geometry of the thrust and fold structures vertically and horizontally, the link between the structures, and the role of the detachment horizons in the foreland part of the Zagros fold and thrust belt. The folding geometric parameters in each of the anticlines inside the cross-section have been precisely calculated. The NE Dezful Embayment district is marked by the significant activity of the faulting and the detachment horizons, which the thickness of the Gachsaran detachment horizon reaches 5 km after deformation. The thickness of this formation decreases along the SW Dezful Embayment district towards the southwest, and when it enters the Abadan Plain district and loses the salty units, its plastic behaviour declines and it loses its role in controlling the structural style. The fault activity and the detachment horizons decrease toward the southwest, reducing the structural complexity. Anticlines change from open fold to gentle fold based on the interlimb angle. The anticlines in the NE and SW Dezful Embayment districts are associated to the thrust faults and the detachment horizons, but but the anticlines in the Abadan Plain are classified as growth folds, characterized by the absence of significant detachment levels. The shortening observed in the Mishan Formation within this cross-section is 6.5 %. there is harmony in the number of the anticlines and the synclines above and below the Gachsaran detachment horizon.
This study delves into the surface and subsurface deformation analysis of the Sarajeh Gas Field and its adjacent areas, with a particular focus on structural geology. Utilizing comprehensive geological surveys and advanced deformation analysis techniques, the research aims to identify and characterize the deformation patterns present in both surface and subsurface layers. The surface deformation analysis reveals significant deformation in the southern part of Sarajeh, especially within the Hossein Abad partition. Here, the Qom-Zefreh fault line undergoes a notable shift from a north-south to a northwest-southeast orientation, resulting in pronounced folding and deformation. In the subsurface analysis, the Lower Red Formation is identified as the most deformed layer. This is primarily due to its composition of evaporites and salt, combined with the presence of a detachment layer between the Eocene volcanic rocks and the solid Qom Formation. These geological characteristics contribute to the extensive deformation observed in the Lower Red Formation. The deformation of surface and subsurface rock masses is chiefly governed by the interplay between regional tectonics, fault geometry, lithological heterogeneity, and mechanical stratigraphy, with the Qom-Zefreh fault system and evaporite-rich detachment layers playing pivotal roles in strain localization and structural complexity. Stress-induced deformation in the Sarajeh anticline simultaneously enhanced reservoir quality through fracture development and compromised seal integrity via fault-related compartmentalization, critically shaping gas accumulation and flow dynamics. The study demonstrates how this deformation impacts reservoir reliability: fractures enhance permeability in the Qom Formation (supporting gas storage), while compartmentalization poses risks to seal integrity. The findings from this study provide critical insights into the structural dynamics of the region, offering valuable information for future geological studies, resource management, and potential exploration activities in the Sarajeh Gas Field and its surrounding areas.
