Atmospheric methane is the second most important anthropogenic greenhouse gas and plays a critical role in near-term climate warming. Iran is a major oil and gas producing country, yet the recent national-scale spatial and temporal variability of atmospheric XCH4 remains insufficiently characterized. This study examines atmospheric XCH4 over Iran using the TROPOMI/WFMD product for 2019–2024, with particular emphasis on the spatial organization and temporal persistence of regional XCH4 patterns. Daily satellite observations were quality-controlled and aggregated for spatiotemporal analysis. Spatial autocorrelation was evaluated using Global Moran's I, Local Moran's I, and Getis–Ord Gi* statistics, while MODIS MCD12Q1 land-cover data were used to examine XCH4 variability among land-cover classes. Annual mean XCH4 increased from 1865.43 ppb in 2019 to 1929.20 ppb in 2024; the fitted linear trend was 12.99 ppb yr−1. Seasonal mean concentrations were lowest in winter and highest in autumn, while monthly means peaked in August and September. Strong positive spatial autocorrelation (Global Moran's I = 0.920–0.944) indicated a highly organized spatial pattern. High-XCH4 clusters recurred in central, northern, and southwestern Iran, whereas low-XCH4 clusters were concentrated mainly in western and northwestern regions. Cropland/Natural Vegetation Mosaic had the highest mean XCH4 concentration, while Grasslands had the lowest. These results show that regional XCH4 patterns recurred during the study period and establish a recent national baseline for examining atmospheric methane over Iran.
This study aimed to design and validate a Coping educational package for Romantic Breakup based on God-Oriented Spiritual Multidimensional Psychotherapy. First, the Aetiology of Romantic Breakup was carried out in two stages—qualitative interviews with individuals experiencing Romantic Breakup and Islamic sources—using Bengtsson’s (2016) qualitative content analysis method; then the validation of the resulting findings was performed. After determining the Aetiology framework, the educational package was designed in 14 sessions of 60 minutes each, based on the Aetiology results and the God-Oriented Spiritual Multidimensional Psychotherapy approach. The validation of the educational package was examined using the opinions of 10 experts in two parts: Content Validity of the educational package and Feasibility assessment. The statistical population for the validation phase consisted of psychology specialists in Qom, selected through Purposeful sampling. The findings showed that for the Content Validity of the educational package, the mean Content Validity Ratio (CVR) of all sessions was 0.90 in the objectives section and 0.89 in the techniques section, and the mean Content Validity Index (CVI) was 0.93 in the techniques section, indicating that the educational package has appropriate content validity. Moreover, the Feasibility assessment findings showed that the educational package, with a total Feasibility mean of 3.83, has sufficient Intervention Acceptability & Suitability, Adaptation & Demand, Integration, Adaptability, Resources & Implementation, and Generalizability. The results of this study have provided a suitable basis for examining the effectiveness of the educational package and its use in reducing Clinical Symptoms resulting from Romantic Breakup.
This study presents a numerical investigation of the deformation, breakup, and particle-retention behavior of particle-laden bubbles subjected to shear flow. A coupled Eulerian–Lagrangian framework employing the Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method together with the isoAdvector interface reconstruction algorithm is developed to simultaneously resolve gas–liquid interface dynamics and particle transport. Particle attachment to the bubble surface is modeled using a hydrophobic interaction force, enabling the simulation of particle retention and detachment during bubble deformation and breakup. The effects of Capillary number, density ratio, and viscosity ratio on bubble morphology and particle retention are investigated. The results show that increasing the Capillary number changes the deformation regime from stable elongation to complete breakup. The maximum particle-retention ratio of approximately 42% is obtained at Ca = 0.5 after 2 s, whereas increasing the Capillary number to 1.0 reduces the retention ratio to approximately 29% because of breakup-induced particle detachment. As the density ratio increases from 0.001 to 2.0, the number of attached particles at t = 0.5 s increases from 23 to 40, although stronger breakup subsequently reduces long-term attachment stability. Increasing the viscosity ratio from 9.06 × 10⁻3 to 1 decreases the number of retained particles at t = 0.5 s from 34 to 28 owing to enhanced interface oscillations and particle migration. Bubble breakup is identified as the primary mechanism governing particle detachment through interfacial deformation and transient flow disturbances. The developed framework provides a robust computational tool for predicting particle-retention behavior in flotation and related gas–liquid–solid separation processes.
A novel demulsifier comprising graphene oxide (GO) functionalized with citric acid and Tween 80 was synthesized for breaking water-in-crude-oil emulsions. The modified Graphene oxide (M-GO) was characterized using Scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis to confirm its structural properties and composition. A central composite design combined with response surface methodology was employed to optimize demulsification conditions, including concentration, temperature, pH, salinity, and salt type (NaCl and MgCl2). Under optimized conditions (68 degrees C, 235.4 ppm, pH 3.3, 16814.3 ppm NaCl), the demulsifier achieved 99% water separation efficiency within 5 min, demonstrating rapid and effective performance. Wettability and interfacial tension measurements confirmed enhanced interfacial activity, facilitating disruption of stabilizing films and droplet coalescence. The results demonstrate that this dual-functionalized GO demulsifier-combining biodegradable citric acid and non-toxic Tween 80-represents an efficient and sustainable option for petroleum emulsion treatment under moderate operational conditions.
Xanthomonas is a genus of plant-pathogenic bacteria traditionally associated with leaf and vascular diseases. However, emerging evidence demonstrates that Xanthomonas can also infect fruits, causing canker, necrotic lesions, and rot symptoms. This review examines host range and geographical distribution; genomic features; virulence factors and dispersal pathways; and fruit defense systems. Xanthomonas pathovars associated with fruit include X. arboricola pv. pruni, corylina, and juglandis, X. citri pv. citri and mangiferaeindicae, X. cucurbitae, X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria and perforans, and X. vasicola pv. musacearum, among others, which exhibit high host specificity, affecting stone fruits, hazelnut, walnut, citrus, mango, cucurbits, pepper, tomato, and banana, respectively. The infection process involves a sophisticated arsenal of virulence factors, including type III and type II secretion systems, biofilm formation, and the hijacking of host nutrient metabolism. Fruits have complex defense responses that include physical barriers (such as the cuticle and lignin), antimicrobial phenolic compounds, volatile terpenes, and defense enzymes. This review establishes a foundation for understanding the current impact of Xanthomonas in fruits and developing disease management strategies.
