Since the first description of an Azospirillum-like bacterium in 1925 by Martinus Beijerinck in The Netherlands, this genus has become a cornerstone of plant–microbe interactions and sustainable agriculture worldwide. Over the past century, Azospirillum has been extensively studied for its ability to promote plant growth, enhance stress tolerance, and contribute to nutrient acquisition, particularly in cereals and legumes. These functions are mediated by multiple mechanisms, including nitrogen fixation, phytohormone production, and the modulation of the root architecture by effector molecules. This review presents a comprehensive synthesis of the historical and current research on Azospirillum and its impact in agriculture and beyond. It explores its taxonomic expansion, physiological versatility, genetic manipulation, and interactions with plant hosts and other microorganisms. It also examines its agronomical impact on extensive and intensive cropping systems, both individually and mixed in microbial consortia. Advances in formulation technologies and regulatory frameworks for commercial inoculants are discussed, as well as cutting-edge tools such as artificial intelligence and multi-omics integration that are reshaping how we understand and deploy this bacterium. Beyond agriculture, Azospirillum has proven valuable in environmental contexts such as revegetation of degraded lands, bioremediation of contaminated soils, and ecological restoration in arid zones. Its capacity to colonize diverse hosts, survive extreme conditions, and contribute to ecosystem processes underscores its potential far beyond agriculture. One hundred years after its first scientific mention, Azospirillum remains not only relevant but also vital. As the world moves toward more sustainable agricultural and ecological systems, this review reaffirms the legacy and promise of this genus.
This study evaluated the impact of the presence of diseases within the first 21 days in milk (DIM) in dairy cows on metabolic status after the voluntary waiting period (VWP), conception at first service, infectious disease seroconversion, and the association between metabolic status at first artificial insemination (AI) and conception at first service. Cows were classified as sick (n = 48) or healthy (n = 75) based on diseases within 21 DIM. Blood samples were obtained at first AI (D0), pregnancy diagnosis (D30), and pregnancy confirmation (D60) after the first AI. Samples were analyzed for glucose, cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) using a linear mixed model for repeated measures. An Energetic Metabolic Index (EMI) at AI was calculated, integrating cholesterol, NEFA, and glucose. Logistic regression models were used to predict EMI, conception at first service, and seroconversion to Leptospira spp. and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV). The presence of diseases did not affect the metabolic status after the VWP (P > 0.05); however, changes in blood metabolites by day were observed (P < 0.001). EMI was not associated with the presence of diseases (P = 0.13). EMI, IGF-1 concentration, and the presence of diseases were significant predictors of conception at first service (P ≤ 0.05). Sick cows were 37 times more likely to seroconvert to BVDV at D60 (P = 0.001). EMI at AI may serve as a valuable biological marker for predicting fertility. Simple summary: This study identifies the association between the presence of diseases within the first 21 days in milk in dairy cows and metabolic status after the voluntary waiting period, conception at first service, and the effect of metabolic status at first artificial insemination on conception. Integrating multiple metabolites into an Energetic Metabolic Index (EMI) may improve the prediction of fertility outcomes by better capturing complex metabolic responses than relying on insufficient single metabolite analyses. EMI and the presence of diseases were significant predictors of conception at first service. The EMI may serve as a potential biological marker for predicting fertility.
El objetivo de esta investigación es doble: 1) demostrar mediante el registro y análisis de Sobre la indestructibilidad del mundo, párrafo por párrafo, que no es de auténtica autoría de Filón de Alejandría, especialmente porque en su mayor extensión es cita de otros autores de la antigüedad; 2) demostrar el peligro de la doxografía moderna que recoge –como Von Arnim en Stoicorum Vetera Fragmenta– testimonios únicos e independientes –como éstos que solamente se registran en Aet. en el marco de una diatriba antiestoica–, y los difunden como testimonios fidedignos de determinados autores.
El artículo analiza una experiencia de educación intercultural desarrollada en la formación docente inicial para el nivel primario, en articulación con una escuela rural de modalidad plurigrado de la región pampeana argentina. Desde un enfoque cualitativo y mediante un estudio de caso, se indaga cómo la incorporación de una perspectiva intercultural crítica permite problematizar las relaciones interculturales en la enseñanza de las ciencias sociales, particularmente en el abordaje del poblamiento pampeano y la visibilización de los pueblos originarios. La propuesta pedagógica se implementó a partir del trabajo interdisciplinario entre el instituto formador y la escuela primaria durante un ciclo lectivo completo, con la participación de tres docentes formadores, ocho estudiantes residentes y dieciocho alumnos del nivel primario. Se incluyeron actividades de análisis de fuentes históricas, producciones escritas, intercambios intergeneracionales y una salida educativa a un espacio significativo para la comunidad ranquel. Los resultados muestran transformaciones en las concepciones de las estudiantes del profesorado respecto de los pueblos originarios, la resignificación de las prácticas de enseñanza en el plurigrado y el valor formativo del diálogo entre saberes escolares y comunitarios. Se concluye que la interculturalidad, entendida como perspectiva pedagógica situada, constituye un aporte relevante para la formación docente y para la construcción de prácticas educativas más inclusivas y contextualizadas, aunque su sostenibilidad requiere condiciones institucionales y políticas específicas.
