NITTE, officially NITTE (Deemed to be University), is an institute of higher education located in Derlakatte, Mangalore, India. It is formed under the Trust of NIITE, a trust sponsored by Nitte Education Trust which has established 31 institutions spread in three campuses at Nitte, Mangalore and Bangalore.The Government of India conferred the status of Deemed-to-be University in June 2008.The institution has been accredited with 'A' grade by the National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC)..
Multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disease (MOGAD) are the major types of demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). Demyelinating disorders impact women disproportionately and frequently present during reproductive years. These conditions can cause significant neurological disability and psychosocial challenges, especially for women. Because they often present during reproductive years, clinicians frequently manage contraception, pregnancy, and the postpartum period alongside disease control. Sex-specific evidence, therefore, becomes especially important for treatment decisions. Despite this, sex-specific differences in epidemiology, immunopathology, clinical features, and therapeutic response remain inconsistently addressed in both clinical practice and research. In this review, we synthesize current evidence on the factors underlying the female predominance observed in MS, NMOSD, and MOGAD, and discuss the clinical consequences of these findings. We investigate the influence of sex hormones, X-chromosome–mediated immune regulation, and immunological changes associated with pregnancy and the postpartum period, as well as disease-specific mechanisms. We also examine how these factors affect diagnosis, prognosis, therapeutic decision-making, pregnancy management, and quality of life. Finally, we highlight important gaps in knowledge and underscore the necessity for a sex-informed approach to the diagnosis, management, and research of autoimmune demyelinating diseases.
The review article summarizes the recent advances of nanocarbon-based thermoelectric materials.
Background Flavonoid-based natural products have shown promising anti-cancer potential through dual-pathway inhibition. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is the most frequently altered pathway in ovarian cancer, making it a critical therapeutic target. Methods Extensive computational studies including molecular docking and 200 nanosecond molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to evaluate the binding affinity, interaction stability, and conformational dynamics of the PI3K (5DXT) and mTOR (5GPG) proteins. Following in-silico validation, naringin-coated zinc oxide nanoparticles incorporating Clitoria ternatea flower extract were formulated to enhance bioavailability and therapeutic efficacy. Additionally, cytotoxic evaluation against SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell lines using MTT assay was performed. Results This study investigated the efficacy of major flavonoid components from Clitoria ternatea flowers, specifically quercetin-3-rutinoside and quercetin-3,7-glucoside, as dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. Molecular dynamics analysis revealed that quercetin-3-rutinoside and quercetin-3,7-glucoside exhibited stable interactions with critical amino acid residues throughout the simulation period, promising enhanced stability compared with the standard dual inhibitor gedatolisib. Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion (ADME) profiling identified quercetin derivatives as promising lead hits, despite minor violations of Lipinski’s Rule of Five. Cytotoxic evaluation against SKOV3 ovarian cancer cell lines using MTT assay demonstrated the superior performance of naringin-coated nanoparticles (NC1) with an IC₅₀ value of 144 ± 2.43 μg/mL. Conclusion This synergistic approach, combining natural flavonoids with nanotechnology, provides a novel therapeutic strategy for targeting the dysregulated PI3K/mTOR pathway in ovarian cancer. These findings establish Clitoria ternatea flavonoids are superior candidates for the development of enhanced nanoformulations for anti-cancer therapeutics against ovarian cancer.
Objectives: This study investigated the antioxidant activity of three fungal endophyte extracts derived from the stem bark of Oroxylum indicum. Material and Methods: The fungal endophytes were isolated using PDA media, and their phytochemical screening revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, and tannins. Results: Among the three fungal species-Simplicillium (S), Neopestalotiopsis (N), and Trametes (T), Neopestalotiopsis exhibited the highest antioxidant activity. This is the first report of these three endophytes being found in the stem bark of O. indicum. The methanolic extract of Neopestalotiopsis demonstrated strong antioxidant activity, with 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical and superoxide anion radical scavenging percentages of 30.35 +/- 0.69 and 35.12 +/- 0.32, respectively, at a concentration of 100 mu g/mL. Furthermore, the extract showed significant total antioxidant activity, measuring 30.05 +/- 0.78 Ascorbic Acid Equivalents. Neopestalotiopsis also had the highest total phenolic content (38.13 +/- 0.52 gallic acid equivalents), and total flavonoid content (31.54 +/- 0.17 quercetin equivalents) compared to the other two fungal isolates. Based on these results, the fungal endophyte, Neopestalotiopsis clavispora from O. indicum has the potential for development as an antioxidant agent. Conclusion: Based on these results, the fungal endophyte, Neopestalotiopsis clavispora from O. indicum has the potential for development as an antioxidant agent.
Objectives: Verrucous carcinoma (VC) is a well-differentiated variant of the squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), characterised by both endophytic and exophytic growth, and a minimal tendency for metastasis. Hybrid verrucous carcinoma (HVC) is a distinct variant of VC that exhibits areas of conventional SCC within the otherwise well-differentiated, exophytic, and slow-growing architecture typical of VC. Despite its distinct clinical and histological features, VC is often under-recognised and under-researched, particularly in comparison to conventional SCC. One of the critical gaps in current literature is the lack of systematic studies evaluating histopathological parameters such as depth of invasion (DOI), pattern of invasion (POI), tumour budding (TB), and tumour thickness (TT), and their correlation with clinical outcomes. To date, no comprehensive studies have addressed these parameters in VC, leaving a significant void in oncologic pathology. Therefore, the present study aims to analyse the pathologic parameters, such as assessment of TT, DOI, POI, and TB, in OVC and HVC, and interpret whether these factors can serve as better prognostic tools in analysing progression. Material and Methods: A retrospective study was carried out on tissue sections obtained from archival biopsy specimens of 30 clinically diagnosed and histopathologically confirmed cases of OVC and HVC (that exhibit histopathological features of both conventional SCC and VC cases from the year 2010-2022 in the Institution's department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology and Oral Microbiology. The pathologic features like TT, DOI, POI, and TB were analysed. The patient's clinical details, including demographic data, habits, and treatment history with survival/expiry data, were also recorded for statistical analysis. For categorical and continuous data, a descriptive analysis was conducted using Kaplan-Meier survival curves. The validity of invasion depth, TT, TB, and invasion pattern as predictive markers was visualised. Results: All four histopathological parameters were found to be significant indicators of disease progression in OVC. Among them, TB and POI were statistically significant predictors of prognosis (p < 0.05). A Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed, with a follow-up period of 5 years to assess overall and disease-free survival." Conclusion: The pathological parameters studied, such as TB, POI, DOI, and TT, were found to be valuable indicators for predicting the progression of OVC. However, the study is limited by its retrospective nature. The relatively small sample size also limited the statistical power and reliability of Kaplan-Meier survival analysis. Future prospective studies with larger cohorts and extended follow-up are necessary to validate these findings and to explore the prognostic impact of these parameters using survival analysis methods such as Kaplan-Meier curves.
