North Ossetian State Medical Academy

Introduction. The Taganrog Bay of the Azov Sea is one of the most eutrophic and ecologically vulnerable water areas in Russia, where massive blooms of toxic cyanobacteria (Microcystis, Aphanizomenon, Anabaena, Nodularia) regularly occur during summer. Their proliferation is accompanied by the accumulation of cyanotoxins (microcystin, anatoxin, cylindrospermopsin, saxitoxin), posing a serious threat to public health. This paper considers an approach to the biological rehabilitation of the bay based on the controlled introduction of the freshwater green microalgae Chlorella vulgaris, which competes with cyanobacteria for nutrients. The aim of the study is to develop and apply a comprehensive mathematical model describing phytoplankton kinetics and substance transport processes under conditions of increasing bay salinity, as well as to assess the ecological-hygienic and medical consequences of the proposed method. Materials and Methods. The research object is the Taganrog Bay of the Azov Sea. The modelling is based on the threedimensional hydrodynamic model “Azov3D”, previously used to calculate currents and vertical mixing under conditions of changing salinity. Water environment parameters (salinity, temperature, current velocities) were used as input data for solving the linearized hydrobiological problem. The source of bathymetric data was digitized nautical charts processed using automated depth recognition algorithms. The model grid was generated considering the actual coastline configuration and bottom topography. Calculations were performed on the computing cluster of the Southern Federal University. The numerical method is based on finite-difference schemes previously applied for hydrobiological calculations in the Azov Sea. Results. It is shown that a 30% increase in salinity leads to a shift in the cyanobacteria habitat from the Azov Sea water area to the eastern part of the Taganrog Bay, which is consistent with hydrological observations. Model calculations demonstrate an increase in the proportion of green algae with the controlled introduction of Chlorella vulgaris cultures, reflecting the potential for biomelioration. The forecast of the spatial distribution of populations shows stable dominance of green and blue-green algae, constituting 60−70% of the bay’s phytoplankton biomass, under various impact scenarios. Discussion. The results indicate that mathematical modelling is an effective tool for predicting the dynamics of phytoplankton populations under changing hydrological conditions. The model allows for assessing the influence of biological regulation and salinization scenarios, providing a basis for management decisions in the field of ecological rehabilitation of water bodies. Conclusion. The application of Chlorella vulgaris may be a promising biomelioration method but requires further verification based on field observations and controlled field experiments. The modelling results indicate the possibility of adaptive ecological management of the Taganrog Bay and minimizing the risk of toxic blooms.

Fetal growth restriction (FGR) represents one of the main manifestations of placental insufficiency and is associated with adverse perinatal outcomes. In recent years, increasing attention has been paid to the role of the complement system as a key mediator of thromboinflammation in placenta-associated complications. Complement system activation is recognized as an important mechanism contributing to placental damage in pre-eclampsia (PE). Objective. To investigate complement system activation in pregnant women with PE and to determine its association with FGR. Patients and methods. This study included 40 pregnant women with severe PE. Among them, 23 had FGR, while 17 had no signs of fetal growth impairment. The control group consisted of 28 healthy patients with uncomplicated pregnancies. Circulating levels of C1q, C3a, and the C5b-9 membrane attack complex (MAC) were determined in plasma samples by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal–Wallis test and the Mann–Whitney U test. Results. Significant differences between the groups were observed for all complement biomarkers (Kruskal–Wallis test, p < 0.001). Compared with the control group, both PE subgroups (with and without FGR) demonstrated elevated levels of C1q, C3a, and MAC. Notably, patients with FGR showed significantly higher levels of C3a (p = 0.04) and MAC (p = 0.02) compared with those without FGR, indicating more pronounced complement system activation in pregnancies complicated by FGR. The most marked differences were observed for MAC, which suggests a predominant role of the terminal complement pathway in the development of placental damage. Conclusion. Complement system activation, particularly the terminal pathway, is associated with the development of FGR in PE and may be considered an important pathogenetic mechanism underlying placental insufficiency. Key words: fetal growth restriction, FGR, pre-eclampsia, complement system, C1q, C3a, membrane attack complex, MAC

Медикаментозная ксеростомия широко распространена на фоне полипрагмазии у пациентов старших возрастных групп и существенно влияет на стоматологический статус и качество жизни. Целью исследования было оценить клинико-лабораторные характеристики ротовой жидкости (РЖ) у пациентов с ксеростомией, развившейся на фоне приема лекарственных препаратов (ЛП) с ксерогенным эффектом, и определить связь между суммарной ксерогенной нагрузкой, показателями слюноотделения и изменениями состава РЖ. В исследование включено 60 человек 45–75 лет. Основная группа — 40 пациентов с жалобами на сухость во рту продолжительностью не менее 3 месяцев при одновременном приеме двух и более ЛП с известным ксерогенным потенциалом. Контрольная группа — 20 здоровых лиц без признаков ксеростомии и без регулярного приема ЛП. Проводили анкетирование (опросник Xerostomia Inventory), клиническое стоматологическое обследование, сиалометрию нестимулированной и стимулированной РЖ, а также лабораторное исследование РЖ с определением pH, буферной емкости, общего содержания белка, активности альфаамилазы, уровней глюкозы и лактата. У пациентов основной группы выявлены выраженная гипосаливация, снижение pH и буферной емкости РЖ, повышение общего содержания белка и активности альфа-амилазы, а также более высокая частота множественного кариеса, кандидозного стоматита и атрофических изменений слизистой оболочки полости рта по сравнению с контрольной группой. Таким образом, медикаментозная ксеростомия сопровождается выраженными количественными и качественными изменениями РЖ, ухудшением стоматологического статуса и снижением качества жизни. Комплексная клинико-лабораторная оценка РЖ позволяет объективизировать тяжесть ксеростомии и обосновать индивидуализированные программы профилактики и лечения.

Болезни органов системы дыхания – одна из важнейших проблем педиатрии, детской пульмонологии, детской аллергологии и иммунологии. Аллергопатология дыхательной системы фиксируется у 30–40% детей разного возраста. Для повышения эффективности иммуномодулирующей терапии в санаторий, находящийся в зоне экологического благополучия, по истечении 20 дней после окончания первого курса приема иммуномодулирующего препарата были направлены 68 детей в возрасте от 3 до 18 лет с аллергическим ринитом, получившие базисную терапию и первый курс иммуномодулирующей терапии. Исследование иммунного статуса, анализ показателей клеточного звена иммунной системы, функциональной активности фагоцитов проводили методом проточной цитометрии. Уровни иммуноглобулинов А, М, G, цитокинов, интерлейкинов и интерферона-альфа определяли с помощью иммуноферментного анализа. После прохождения курса санаторно-курортного лечения с применением иммуномодулирующего препарата в санатории «Фиагдон» симптомов, характерных для аллергического ринита, таких как насморк, зуд или жжение в носу, не наблюдалось, отмечена положительная динамика. Полученные данные указывают на благоприятную обстановку местности, где располагается санаторий «Фиагдон», для проведения санаторно-курортного лечения больных респираторными аллергозами. Diseases of the respiratory system are one of the most important problems of pediatrics, pediatric pulmonology and pediatric allergy and immunology. At the same time, the allergopathology of the respiratory system in children of different ages is fixed in 30–40% of cases. To determine the increase in the effectiveness of immunomodulatory therapy in the zone of environmental well-being, 68 children aged 3 to 18 years with allergic rhinitis were sent to the sanatorium after 20 days after the end of the first course of taking an immunostimulating drug, who received basic plus the first course of immunomodulatory therapy with an immunostimulator. The study of the immune status, the analysis of indicators of the cellular component of the immune system, and the functional activity of phagocytes were determined by flow cytometry. Immunoglobulins A, M, G, cytokines, interleukins and interferons were studied using enzyme immunoassay. After undergoing a course of spa treatment with the use of an immunomodulatory drug in the sanatorium “Fiagdon”, it can be noted that symptoms characteristic of allergic rhinitis, such as runny nose, itching or burning in the nose, were not observed and positive dynamics was noted. The data obtained indicate a favorable environment in the area where the sanatorium “Fiagdon” is located, for the spa treatment of patients with respiratory allergies.

The presented clinical case is devoted to the problem of rehabilitation of patients with postextractional atrophy of the mandible, in which standard protocols of implantation treatment are of limited use due to unfavorable qualitative characteristics of bone tissue and features of the anatomy of the alveolar ridge. Despite the accumulated clinical experience in the field of simultaneous implantation and immediate loading, the issue of their use in conditions of reduced bone density and the need for rapid functional stabilization without extended laboratory steps remains insufficiently addressed. This circumstance served as the basis for the publication of this observation, demonstrating an alternative clinical approach to solving this problem and its practical feasibility. The clinical case describes a patient with partial mandibular adentia and a long history of tooth loss. The clinical situation was complicated by the limited possibilities of achieving implant stability with traditional single-stage implantation schemes. A protocol for the installation of implants with an immediate functional load was chosen, including the manufacture of a temporary orthopedic structure and introoral welding of a metal frame for rigid integration of the implants. The orthopedic design was adapted directly into the oral cavity with subsequent relocation. In the early postoperative period, satisfactory primary stabilization was achieved, chewing function was restored and an acceptable functional and aesthetic result was achieved without signs of complications. The conclusion of this clinical observation emphasizes that under unfavorable anatomical and clinical conditions, the key success factor may be not so much the absolute volume of bone as the possibility of early mechanical stabilization of implants and control of micro-mobility. The use of introoral welding makes it possible to shorten the duration of treatment and minimize the number of stages, however, it requires high accuracy and strict selection of patients. The results obtained should not be directly extrapolated to broad groups of patients, but they demonstrate the potential of this approach as one of the treatment options in complex clinical situations.