Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG 14; life below water) is one of the most important SDGs, given its focus on global research convergence and attention. Despite the extensive research convergence and outputs, it is surprising that accounting journals have not been part of the publication outlets of these extensive research convergence and outputs (acknowledging that accounting scholars have contributed to ocean/marine accounting research in other journals). In this context, we conceptualized a research agenda for ocean accounting in accounting journals by evaluating the current accounting and assurance measures for underground waste injection. In particular, we revisit the call to focus on the underground injection of waste as not only a financial accountability issue but also a social and environmental accountability issue. Thus, focusing on how accounting scholars and journals may contribute to accounting for and assuring underground waste injection as part of ocean accounting. The researchers describe the current accounting system for underground waste injection in the United States, exploring issues and potential improvements. Although the financial accounting and assurance measures make sense, they do not consider qualitative socioenvironmental management elements of safety and biodiversity protection. We detail how these may be incorporated into the current accounting methods, outline the implications of this study for policy, practice, and research, and conclude by providing avenues for further research. (c) 2026 L&H Scientific Publishing, LLC. All rights reserved.
Purpose This paper examines environmental, social, and governance (ESG) through the lens of key management theories to understand the issues surrounding ESG disclosure, including incentives and motivation driving disclosure, authenticity of disclosure, greenwashing, extending disclosure practices to supply chains, and standardized reporting.Design/methodology/approach This is a conceptual paper and uses several management theories to elucidate the ESG disclosure complexities and challenges, develop a taxonomy of management theories within the context of ESG, and propose a future research agenda. This methodology allows using the explanatory power of theories, make sense of intricate phenomenon, and consolidates new knowledge.Findings Management theories offer a robust analytical framework for examining the drivers, dynamics, and malpractices related to ESG disclosure. The paper demonstrates how key management theories can deepen our understanding of ESG practices, uncover the root causes of malpractices like greenwashing, and inform strategies to enhance disclosure transparency and accountability. The paper also develops a taxonomy that categorizes management theories into stakeholder-oriented, governance-oriented, implementation-related, and organization-related theories. Finally, the paper develops a comprehensive research agenda, offering targeted directions for future studies on ESG disclosure.Practical implications This paper has both theoretical and practical implications, as it outlines a comprehensive research agenda and provides valuable insights for policymakers and practitioners. The paper discusses implications related to balancing conflicting stakeholder demands, aligning managerial incentives, and integrating technology to reduce transaction costs and enhance efficacy of auditing processes.Originality/value This paper is the first to systematically examine ESG disclosure through the lens of grand management theories. It introduces an original taxonomy of theories applicable to ESG disclosure - a novel contribution that has not been previously developed. By developing a detailed research agenda, the study offers fresh insights into ESG dynamics, addressing deeper theoretical and practical challenges, including greenwashing.
Covered calls and cash-secured puts are widely used option writing strategies for generating income and managing stock acquisition decisions, yet their tax implications are often misunderstood in financial planning practice. This paper examines the tax implications of covered calls and cash-secured puts and develops a conceptual lifecycle framework linking option strategy outcomes, tax treatment, and reporting mechanics to support strategy selection in taxable investment portfolios. The analysis explains how option premiums, exercise outcomes, and assignment events affect capital gains recognition, basis adjustments, and after-tax investment outcomes. In general, option premiums received by option writers are taxed as short-term capital gains, while exercise and assignment events modify the sale proceeds or cost basis of the underlying securities. These tax mechanics influence both the timing and character of realized gains in taxable portfolios. The paper also examines the tax reporting process associated with option transactions, including broker reporting on Form 1099-B and taxpayer reconciliation on Form 8949 and Schedule D. By integrating option strategy mechanics with tax treatment and reporting requirements, the study provides financial planners with a practical framework for evaluating covered calls and cash-secured puts within tax-aware portfolio management. The results highlight the importance of incorporating tax considerations when implementing option strategies for clients investing in taxable accounts.
