Omdurman Islamic University (OIU) is built on an area of size about 800 feddans (3,360,000 square meters) in Omdurman, Sudan. While the school is primarily oriented toward Islamic studies, it serves other fields of studies as well, such as engineering, agriculture and medicine. Omdurman Islamic University is a member of the Federation of the Universities of the Islamic World.
This study aimed to identify and compare the chemical and metabolite profiles of the moringa leaves (Mo-ringa oleifera) processed through two drying methods: oven drying and sun drying, followed by extraction using three solvents of varying polarities: ethanol, n-hexane, and ethyl acetate. These different treatments significantly influenced the composition of the released phytochemicals, which were crucial for the eco-friendly bio-based natural fertilizer development with elevated nutritional and bioactivity content. The extracts were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to obtain metabolite fingerprints. Metabolite fingerprint data from all treatments were analyzed using Multivariate Analysis, including principal component analysis (PCA) and partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The study results indicated that solvent polarity and drying conditions significantly and systematically affected the GC-MS metabolite composition of M. oleifera leaf extract. Non-polar n-hexane consistently enriched long-chain aliphatic hydrocarbons, wax-derived lipids, tocopherol-related compounds, and sterols, confirming efficient extraction of hydrophobic metabolites. Ethanol produced the widest chemical diversity; it dominated, consisting of fatty acids, oxygenated lipids, glycosides, sugars and phenolic derivatives, while ethyl acetate selectively extracted semi-polar metabolites including aromatic ketones, lactone-type compounds, phenethyl derivatives, and mid-polarity lipid fragments. Drying treatments also significantly altered chemical profiles. Oven drying effectively preserved thermolabile antioxidants, sterols, and oxygenated lipids, moderate sun drying induced partial oxidation and formation of semi-volatile metabolites. In general, the metabolite indicated that M. oleifera leaf extracts-regardless of solvent used-contain metabolite classes relevant for bio-based fertilizer applications. These findings highlight the potential to customize extraction and drying strategies to optimize functional metabolite profiles for specific agricultural applications such as slow-release carbon inputs, microbially responsive amendments, or antioxidant-enriched biofertilizer formulations, and it will form the basis for effective, high-value-added eco-friendly bio-based fertilizer formulations.
Amid the failure of a sentencing paradigm that prioritises formal legality over justice as perceived by the social conscience, the reformulation of corruption sentencing policy grounded in substantive justice has become imperative. This study aims to formulate a concept for reformulating corruption sentencing policy grounded in substantive justice by identifying weaknesses in existing policies and developing an alternative model that is more responsive to society's needs. This study employs a juridical-normative approach enriched by socio-legal methods and an exploratory-analytical qualitative research design. The results indicate that the primary problem with corruption sentencing in Indonesia is not merely a lack of norms or weak sanctions, but rather the failure of the legal system to move beyond the illusion of symbolic firmness, which actually masks its inability to restore public losses and dismantle corrupt power structures. Therefore, policy reformulation grounded in substantive justice must dare to shift the legal centre of gravity from punishing perpetrators to restoring society and restructuring the system. The novelty of this study lies in its proposal of a synthetic framework that not only critiques the dominance of retributivism but also constructively integrates policy rationality and global standards into a measured, context-sensitive sentencing design. The implications demand radical changes to sentencing guidelines, the courage of judges to articulate social impacts, and the repositioning of the state from merely a repressive actor to an agent of restoration.
The structural, optoelectronic, elastic, thermodynamic, and mechanical properties of Sr2XH7 (X = B, Ga, and Al) complex hydrides are investigated in this study using HSE06 functional computations in density functional theory (DFT). The measured direct band gaps for Sr2BH7 (1.044 eV), Sr2GaH7 (2.295 eV) and the indirect band gap for Sr2AlH7 (3.273 eV) hydrides show that they are semiconductors and suitable for hydrogen storage applications. Hydrogen atoms have strong localized regions with values closer to 1.0, indicating their anionic character (H-) due to charge transfer from strontium. From measured results, all hydrides possess high absorption coefficient (105 cm–1), dielectric function (7–9), refractive index (2.5-3.3) and peaks appear in the visible and near-UV regions. The mechanical characteristics of all hydrides exhibit anisotropic behavior in the XY, YZ and XZ directions, and their mechanical parameter (B/G > 1.75) confirms their ductile nature and potential for optoelectronic applications. The thermodynamic properties are investigated using the Density Functional Perturbation Theory (DFPT) technique. The zero point energies for Sr2XH7 (X = B, Ga and Al) hydrides are 6.1101 eV, 5.0702 eV and 5.2436 eV, respectively. Variations in these zero-point energies reveal strong bond strengths and atomic interactions. The alkaline earth metal poly-hydride family members Sr2XH7 (X = B, Ga and Al) have shown good GHSC values for Sr2BH7 (3.66
Background Cutibacterium acnes (C. acnes) is a causative agent in the development of acne vulgaris, and this bacteria has been reported to show resistance against conventional antibiotics. One of the vital factors contributing to antibiotic resistance is the ability of C. acnes to form biofilms. Thus, the purpose of this review is to assess the efficacy of various recent developments and to identify acceptable methods for preventing infections associated with C. acnes biofilms. Methodology A variety of criteria considered in the selection process, such as the site of infection, the mechanism of action against biofilms, and the methodology used to evaluate antibiofilm activity, were taken into consideration when choosing the studies. Results The findings of existing research on the antibiofilm potential of conventional anibiotics, natural products and novel treatment strategies against C. acnes were compiled and compared. Clinical trials demonstrated that dalbavancin reduced biofilm formation while niosomes effectively decreased inflammation in acne lesions. Some studies have shown promising results with bacteriophages, plant-based and nanomaterial treatments, but lack further validation in the way of pre-clinical and clinical trials to accurately measure treatment effectiveness. Conclusions The review examines a range of effective agents and explores their potential applications in acne management, offering valuable insights for clinicians—especially dermatologists—seeking to optimize patient care. In addition, this review provides an understanding about the different agents and their antibiofilm properties that enable researchers to develop effective therapeutic approaches against C. acnes biofilm-related infectious diseases for the benefit of human health.
Armed conflicts pose severe challenges to healthcare workforce pipelines, with specialized surgical training being particularly vulnerable. The war in Sudan, which began in April 2023, has led to a complex humanitarian crisis, damaging health infrastructure and displacing medical professionals. The impact on postgraduate urological surgical training requires detailed assessment. A national, descriptive quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted from September to December 2024. A structured online questionnaire was distributed to the complete national cohort of urology specialty trainees (n = 40, 100
