Plant diseases pose significant challenges to agricultural productivity and farmers' income, particularly in regions where agriculture is a primary livelihood. This study presents the development of an artificial intelligence-based plant disease diagnosis system for economic crops in Phetchaburi Province, Thailand, using citrus canker in lime as a case study. A Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) was employed to classify images of lime leaves and fruits into diseased and healthy categories. A total of $\mathbf{1, 6 0 0}$ images were collected, preprocessed, and augmented before being divided into training, validation, and testing datasets. The CNN model was implemented using the TensorFlow framework and optimized through parameter tuning. Experimental results showed that the proposed model achieved an accuracy of 93.75 % on the testing dataset, with balanced Precision, Recall, and F1-Score values. The trained model was further integrated into a web-based application to enable practical usage. User evaluation results indicated that the system was easy to use and suitable for supporting preliminary disease diagnosis, demonstrating its potential to enhance disease management and promote smart agriculture practices at the local level.
Debriefing is a central component of simulation-based learning and is commonly evaluated using standardized instruments such as the Debriefing Experience Scale. Despite the growing adoption of simulation-based learning in Thai nursing education, no standardized Thai-language instrument currently exists to evaluate students' debriefing experiences, limiting educators' ability to measure debriefing quality within this context accurately. This study aimed to translate and psychometrically evaluate the Thai version of the Debriefing Experience Scale among 200 nursing students from five nursing faculties across Thailand. The instrument was translated using forward and backward translation. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to assess the structural validity of the instrument, separately evaluating its experience and importance dimensions. The psychometric properties were verified using established fit indices, convergent validity, composite reliability, and internal consistency Cronbach's alpha. Exploratory factor analysis identified a two-component structure for both dimensions. For the Experience dimension, the components were Learning and Making Connections and Facilitator Skill and Guidance for Analyzing Thoughts and Conducting the Debriefing. For the Importance dimension, the components were Learning and Analyzing Thoughts and Feelings and Facilitator Skill and Guidance in Conducting the Debriefing. Subsequent confirmatory factor analysis supported this two-factor model, demonstrating fit indices within acceptable ranges. Furthermore, the instrument met the recommended psychometric criteria, including internal consistency and convergent validity, confirming a well-fitting structure consistent with the underlying theoretical domains of debriefing. The instrument provides nursing educators with a culturally adapted tool for evaluating students' debriefing experiences, supporting ongoing improvement in simulation teaching practices and faculty development. Although the findings supported a two-factor structure representing students' experiences of debriefing and the perceived importance of debriefing, additional validity testing, including convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity, is recommended in future research.
The use of agro-industrial by-products as functional feed additives represents a promising strategy to enhance sustainability and digestive efficiency in aquaculture. This study investigated the dose-dependent effects of bromelain derived from pineapple processing waste on digestive physiology, nutrient utilization, and economic performance in snakeskin gourami, Trichopodus pectoralis Regan, 1910. Fish (95-98 g) were fed diets supplemented with 0, 4, 8, or 12% bromelain for 90 days in a completely randomized design. Growth performance, survival, and feed utilization were not significantly affected by dietary treatments (p > 0.05), suggesting that exogenous protease supplementation did not enhance growth under nutritionally adequate conditions. However, bromelain inclusion elicited a pronounced, dose-dependent modulation of digestive enzyme activity. The 8% supplementation significantly enhanced pancreatic protease and amylase activities. This indicates improved digestive capacity and better nutrient assimilation. In contrast, the 12% inclusion level was associated with reduced activity of specific enzymes, suggesting feedback inhibition or enzymatic imbalance at excessive doses. Despite the absence of significant growth responses, a progressive increase in benefit-cost ratio was observed with increasing bromelain inclusion, reflecting improved production efficiency. Variations in muscle composition were primarily attributed to moisture-associated dilution effects rather than reduced protein deposition. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that bromelain derived from pineapple waste functions as a physiologically active feed additive that modulates digestive processes in a dose-dependent manner, with 8% identified as the optimal inclusion level. This study provides mechanistic evidence supporting the valorization of agro-industrial waste as a functional input in sustainable aquaculture systems.
Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB)-derived antimicrobial compounds are recognized as a promising source of novel antimicrobial agents, particularly for the treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), where the mode of action and associated cellular effects remain largely unexplored. This study aims to evaluate antibacterial activity of Limosilactobacillus fermentum YTPP05 isolated from pickled radish against MRSA. Upon the initial antibacterial evaluations, it was found that strain YTPP05 inhibited the growth of MRSA isolates. Multiplex PCR identified multiple resistance genes in our MRSA strains, including mecA, blaZ, and aacA genes, aligning with antibacterial susceptibility profiles determined by the disc diffusion assay. An agar overlay assay showed that YTPP05 possessed antibacterial potential, with the largest inhibition zone diameters of 40.83 ± 8.43 mm, while the inhibition zones of the Cell Free Supernatant (CFS) of YTPP05 by an agar well diffusion were 27.16 ± 2.93 mm against the MRSA isolates. The minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration of YTPP05-derived CFS were 125 mg/mL. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) demonstrated YTPP05 extracts caused cell membrane disruption, bubble-like protrusion, and cell lysis. Collectively, this study highlights the anti-MRSA potential of YTPP05 as an alternative antimicrobial agent for combating MRSA infections.
In this paper, we present a geometric framework designed to determine both the strong coupling strength and the QCD scale from a unified mass–charge structure. We introduce a simple, dimensionless mass–charge identity linking the effective strong charge to the neutral–charged pion mass ratio, ( e / g s ) 2 + ( M π 0 / M π ± ) 2 = 1, which defines a strong-sector mixing angle θ S . Based on a discrete hierarchy of effective charges, the framework predicts a geometric angle of θ S ≈ −14.5° (for g s = 4 e ). This prediction accurately reproduces the observed neutral–charged pion mass ratio and geometrically characterizes the strong interaction as a binding-dominated regime. Building on the hierarchy 1 e →2 e →4 e , the strong fine-structure constant is obtained from a universal geometric relation, α = ( q / q pl ) 2 , in agreement with experimental determinations at the percent level without adjustable parameters. Moreover, the confinement mass scale is derived directly from the proton charge radius as m Λ = ℏ/( r p c ) ≈ m p /4, yielding a value consistent with the phenomenological QCD scale Λ QCD . Taken together, these results indicate that the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions can be consistently described within a unified geometric framework at the level of coupling strengths and characteristic mass scales.
