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In the past decade, a growing number of cyberattacks have been reported, enabling unprecedented levels of personalization, automation, and deception. For instance, recent industry surveys have reported sharp increases in unique social engineering attacks within a single month of 2023, coinciding with the public release of ChatGPT-3.5. This trend highlights how Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered phishing campaigns have become a significant threat to digital ecosystems. The present study provides an integrative analysis of how generative and deepfake technologies have reshaped the landscape of a Social Engineering (SE) attack, categorizing the main attack strategies and examining their psychological, technological, and ethical implications. In addition, to reviewing enabling technologies, our study conducts a comparative analysis of frameworks and analytical models across technical, empirical, and quantitative perspectives that model AI-driven SE operations and their defensive countermeasures. The convergence of these frameworks reveals three core capabilities—realism, personalization, and automation—that systematically amplify attack efficiency. Building on these insights, the study proposes the Unified Model for AI-Driven Social Engineering (UM-AISE), a conceptual framework that integrates these dimensions across the attack lifecycle and employs a theoretical Markov Decision Process (MDP) analysis. This formalization demonstrates how these capabilities can shift the attacker’s optimal strategy, offering a formal economic perspective distinct from empirical validation. Finally, the study discusses emerging ethical and regulatory challenges associated with AI-mediated deception, highlighting risks related to opacity, accountability, and large-scale manipulation. Taken together, these elements inform evolving approaches for detection, defense, and governance relevant to researchers, policymakers, and practitioners.
The importance of criteria for rehabilitation progression in hamstring injuries is well-known, particularly regarding the return to high-speed running (HSR). No previous reviews have compiled the existing evidence on HSR progression criteria or the protocols used to manage the on-field exposure in soccer players. The aims of this review are to summarize the available literature on criteria for progressing to HSR exposure and synthesize the available literature regarding the management of on-field HSR exposure during hamstring injury rehabilitation in soccer. The following electronic databases were searched until December 2024: PubMed, Web of science, Scopus, and SPORTDiscus. All types of studies in English describing the criteria for assessing return to HSR and how to manage the exposure to HSR during an on-field rehabilitation progression were included. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Practitioners should consider the absence of pain, hamstring strength, and imaging when determining a player's readiness for return to HSR. On-field rehabilitation is an essential part of the return to play process, and practitioners should carefully plan the progression of running load, the difficulty of the proposed drills, the movement skills, and the soccer-specific actions.
High-intensity interval training (HIIT), CrossFit®, strength training, and others, develop athletes' strength, speed, and endurance within a very short period of time, enabling competition at the highest sporting level. At present, they constitute one of the most widely practiced training modalities, used both in competitive and recreational sports. However, excessive intensity of such training sessions provokes substantial muscle damage (rhabdomyolysis) and may lead to renal injury, which in severe cases is diagnosed as acute kidney injury (AKI). This necessitates hospitalization and renal replacement therapy, thereby affecting athletes' health status and limiting their ability to participate in sports activities. The present work is a review of current knowledge on the phenomenon of rhabdomyolysis, its etiological factors, pathomechanisms, and health consequences, accompanied by a concise overview of emerging biomarkers of renal injury. The assessment of these biomarkers following physical exercise may provide new insights into the dynamics of post-exercise changes, indicate the severity and localization of exercise-induced renal damage, and contribute to a deeper understanding of structural kidney injury associated with strenuous physical activity-knowledge that may be applied in the prevention of exertional kidney injuries.
The increasing demand for natural resources in highway construction presents significant environmental and economic challenges. A key issue is the disposal of reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP), which is often discarded in landfills, despite its potential for reuse in new asphalt mixtures. Although several studies have investigated RAP incorporation, the influence of its particle size distribution on mechanical performance remains an underexplored area, creating a gap in understanding the material's optimal reuse conditions. This study aims to evaluate the valorization of RAP in asphalt mixtures by characterizing its properties and analyzing the effects of partial aggregate replacement (0%, 25%, 50%, and 100%) on mechanical performance, considering both fine and coarse fractions. The methodology involved granulometric analysis, chemical and thermal characterization, and mechanical tests such as Marshall stability, flow, indirect tensile strength, and abrasion resistance. The results showed that increasing RAP content reduced the need for new bituminous binder, with a 50% RAP mixture requiring only 2.80% of new binder compared to 4.30% in the control sample. Marshall stability improved with RAP incorporation, reaching a maximum of 13312.63 N for a 50% RAP mixture with basaltic fines, while a 100% RAP mixture exhibited 11311.87 N stability. Indirect tensile strength also increased with RAP incorporation, peaking at 0.98MPafor the 50% RAP mixture with basalt fines. However, excessive RAP content led to higher deformation susceptibility, as evidenced by a 524 c.mm flow in the 100% RAP mixture. The findings indicate that RAP can be effectively incorporated into new asphalt layers, optimizing resource use and reducing environmental impact. The best balance between performance and sustainability was achieved at 50% RAP content, particularly when combined with basaltic fines. These insights contribute to advancing circular economy principles in road engineering, promoting more sustainable pavement solutions.
AIM:To map the existing evidence on emotional management strategies used by mental health nurses and explore implications for education, curriculum and clinical practice. BACKGROUND:Emotional competence is a component of mental health nursing, where nurses are frequently exposed to emotionally complex and demanding interactions. Despite its relevance, evidence remains fragmented regarding how emotional management strategies can inform the education and preparation of mental health nurses. DESIGN:Scoping review. METHODS:The review was conducted following the JBI methodology and PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Searches were conducted in MEDLINE, CINAHL and PsycINFO from 2015 to 2024. Studies addressing emotional management strategies among mental health nurses were included. Data were charted and synthesised using thematic analysis. RESULTS:Five studies from Portugal, Canada and the United States met the inclusion criteria. Four key themes were identified: (1) emotional management as a foundational professional competence; (2) education for emotional intelligence through structured training and reflective practice; (3) empathy as central to therapeutic engagement; and (4) self-awareness as a prerequisite for effective emotional regulation. Strategies such as clinical supervision, emotional intelligence training and reflective learning were associated with improved communication, personalised care, increased professional confidence and reduced burnout. CONCLUSION:Integrating the development of emotional competence into nursing education through structured learning, reflective pedagogies and supervised clinical experiences may enhance resilience, relational competence and preparedness for mental health nursing practice. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE:Embedding emotional intelligence, empathy and self-awareness within nursing curricula can strengthen students' emotional preparedness, promote wellbeing and support sustainable mental health nursing practice across diverse care settings.
