Purpose of the study . To evaluate the severity of liver fibrosis, the level of serum markers of fibrosis and their prognostic value in HCV patients and patients with mixed infection (HCV and herpes infection). Material and methods . The article presents the results of the study of changes in the level of serum markers of liver fibrosis in patients with mono-infection with HCV genotypes 1, 2, 3 and mix-infection HCV and herpes co-infection in three stages of the study in dynamics during treatment with antiviral drugs and their prognostic possibilities. A number of important biochemical parameters were evaluated state of liver morphology and function: ALT, AST, GGT, cholinesterase, alkaline phosphatase, total protein, total bilirubin and blood glucose. In both study groups at the stages of observation all biochemistry indices after treatment were registered within the limits of normal values. The study was conducted in the laboratory of the State Budgetary Institution of the Russian Center for AIDS and IZ of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Ufa, where 46 people with HCV participated, two study groups: with mono-infection with CHC and with mix-infection (HCV and herpes infection — HPV-1, VEB, CMV). Results and discussion . According to the data of the study in group 1 of patients with HCV with expressed fibrosis and cirrhosis of the liver all biochemical indices after antiviral therapy were set within the limits of normal values, in group 2 of patients with mix-infection and expressed fibrosis and cirrhosis after antiviral and specific anti-herpetic therapy a part of indices — total protein, total bilirubin, alkaline phosphate, CE, GGT, blood glucose — tended to normalization, ALT and AST indices did not come to normal. Correlation analysis of indices of fibrosis stage by indirect elastometry method revealed a reliable relationship with the values of indirect markers of liver fibrosis, the degree of thrombocytopenia. Conclusions . In patients with mix-infection (HCV and herpetic infection) with identical course of HCV, more pronounced inflammatory and fibrotic processes in liver tissue, more rapid rates of fibrosis prevailed compared to patients with mono-infection with HCV, which is reflected in fibroеlastometry data and indices of indirect markers of liver fibrosis (biochemical indices), as quite informative and available in clinical practice.
The aim of the study was to analyze the dynamics of primary HIV infection rates in the Republic of Tatarstan (RT) over the years 2010–2024 and identify specific patterns of its spread based on socio-demographic characteristics as well as place of residence. Material and methods . Data for analysis were obtained from the State Autonomous Healthcare Institution «Republican AIDS Prevention Center» under the Ministry of Health of RT using the ASIDNET system for the period 2010–2024, supplemented with data from the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Welfare (Rospotrebnadzor) branch in RT. The research method employed was a retrospective epidemiological analysis utilizing an illustrative indicator. Results and discussion . Over the studied period, HIV prevalence in RT gradually decreased from 32.6 per 100,000 inhabitants in 2010 to 22.24 per 100,000 in 2024. The highest rate was observed in 2015 at 34.6 cases per 100,000 people. Men were infected approximately 1.5–2.25 times more frequently than women. Peaks occurred among males in 2015 (47.78 per 100,000) and females in 2014 (23.95 per 100,000). Up until 2019, most new HIV cases involved individuals aged 30–39, later shifting towards those aged 40–49, with a consistent increase noted among those older than 50. Urban dwellers experienced a decrease in HIV infection rates from 25.41 per 100,000 in 2010 to 19.13 per 100,000 in 2024. Rural residents initially saw an increase followed by stabilization but remained consistently lower compared to urban areas. Individuals without stable relationships had higher infection rates. Social status had minimal impact on infection risk except for a significant rise in infections among employed citizens in 2023. Conclusion . Although overall HIV rates have declined in RT, there is an increasing trend among elderly and working populations. This necessitates revising preventive measures and enhancing public awareness efforts.
Aim. To enhance outpatient screening methods for detecting comorbid conditions in adults living with HIV (ALHIV). Materials and methods. The study analyzed official HIV statistics from Dushanbe for the period 2020– 2023, focusing on the adult population living with HIV. Key indicators assessed included the coverage of antiretroviral therapy (ART), patient mortality rates, and associated factors. Data were examined using descriptive statistical methods, and statistical significance of observed differences was determined by the chi-squared test (χ²). Results and discussion . ART coverage among ALHIV in Dushanbe was 83.1% in 2020 and 82.3% in 2023 (p>0.05), indicating stagnation over the period analyzed. However, mortality rates significantly decreased from 2.8 per 100 ALHIV in 2020 to 1.8 per 100 ALHIV in 2023 (p<0.05). Analysis of cumulative mortality data (2020–2023), with known causes of death, revealed that comorbid (non-HIV related) diseases represented 75.4% of deaths, significantly surpassing HIV-related causes (24.6%; p=0.005). Among comorbidities causing death, liver cirrhosis was most common (29.8%), followed by cardiovascular diseases (26.9%), tuberculosis (15.4%), and various malignancies (11.5%). Conclusions. 1) Antiretroviral therapy significantly reduces mortality from HIV-related conditions among ALHIV. 2) To address stagnation in ART coverage, continued integration of HIV care within primary health care systems is essential, improving accessibility and adherence to treatment. 3) The predominance of comorbid diseases as causes of death underscores the necessity for optimized outpatient screening protocols for early identification and management of these conditions.
The aim was to describe the clinical and epidemiological features of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) combined with other infections included in the list of socially significant diseases (SSIDs). Materials and methods. The research material was data published in scientific articles of domestic and foreign publications for the period from 2011 to 2023 on STI/SSID coinfection. Results and discussion. Based on the analyzed research results, the following aspects characterizing the features of STI/SSID coinfection were considered. Epidemiology features: 1) the predominance of the population from the risk groups is more represented in comparison with monoinfection; 2) a significant proportion of cases of their combination with STIs in the structure of various SSIDs. Clinical features (in comparison with monoinfection): 1) a more severe course of the infectious process due to the synergistic effect of two or more pathogens acting on the body simultaneously; 2) the presence of atypical clinical manifestations; 3) the predominance of rare localizations. Immunological features: 1) difficulties in conducting immunological diagnostics; 2) significant differences in immunological parameters when combined with various STIs. Prevention and treatment features: 1) high recurrence rate after treatment; 2) more complex routing of patients associated with the need for timely and coordinated work of physicians: infectiologists, dermatovenerologists, phthisiatricians. Conclusion. The clinical and epidemiological features of STIs combined with other infections included in the list of socially significant diseases necessitate the improvement of diagnosis, treatment, prevention, and monitoring of patients with this pathology
Objective. Characterize the clinical and epidemiological features of mumps infection in 2023–2024 in the Republic of Dagestan. Materials and methods. Epidemiological and molecular biological methods were used in the work. A molecular biological study was conducted on the oropharyngeal swab samples taken from patients treated at the State Budgetary Institution of the Republic of Dagestan «Republican Center for Infectious Diseases, Prevention and Control of AIDS named after S.M. Magomedov», Makhachkala. Samples of biomaterial were taken upon admission, during treatment and before discharge. RNA of the mumps virus was detected in smears from the oropharyngeal swab samples using the polymerase chain reaction method. The material for the epidemiological study was the medical records of patients. Results. The clinical and epidemiological features of mumps infection in 2023–2024 were considered using the Republic of Dagestan as an example. An analysis of laboratory-confirmed cases of mumps in hospitalized children and adults was carried out. Preservation of winter-spring seasonality was shown. Adolescents and young adults predominated in the age structure. In 53.66% of hospitalized patients, mumps was accompanied by the following complications: orchitis, pancreatitis, measles, meningitis. All patients were found to have had contact with patients with mumps. Unvaccinated children predominated among hospitalized children (76%). It was also shown that in the first three days from the onset of the disease, the RNA of the mumps virus is contained in oropharyngeal swabs at a concentration of 103–109 GE / ml. In unvaccinated individuals, viral RNA is detected much longer, which also emphasizes the importance of immunization. Conclusion. Considering the clinical and epidemiological features of mumps infection at the present stage, the possibility of early detection of RNA of the mumps virus by PCR is shown, which will improve the diagnosis of this disease.
