The rationale for the study is that clarifying the mechanisms underlying the development and progression of alcohol dependence (AD), particularly the immune-inflammatory pathways, remains a relevant challenge in narcology, given the important role of the immune system in the pathogenesis of the disease. According to the results of the literature search, there have been no previous studies on determining the level of cytokines in lysates of peripheral blood mononuclear cells in AD. The aim of the study was to evaluate the content of cytokines in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in patients with alcohol dependence and to analyze their relationship with the clinical characteristics of the disease. The parameters were determined in 36 patients with AD, average age 44.0 ± 7.9 years. Clinical assessment of the patients’ condition was performed dynamically (upon admission and on the 28th day of therapy), using the following scales: Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HARS); Clinical Global Impressions Scale, Severity subscale (CGI-S); Snaith-Hamilton Anhedonia Rating Scale, modified for clinical research (SHAPS-C); Obsessive Compulsive Drinking Scale (OCDS). In mononuclear cell lysates isolated from patients’ blood upon admission to the hospital, concentrations of the cytokines IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-10, IL-13, and TGF-α were determined using the MAGPIX and Luminex 200 multiplex analytical platforms. Mononuclear cell lysates from 28 healthy individuals served as a control for laboratory studies. Increased levels of IL-1α and TGF-α in blood mononuclear cells were detected in patients with AD compared to control values. Opposite correlations were found between IL-1α concentration and clinical scale scores depending on the stage of therapy: protein levels negatively correlated with HARS scores obtained at the time of hospitalization, but positively with CGI-S, SHAPS-C, and OCDS scores obtained on day 28 of therapy. IL-1β and IL-13 levels were positively associated with HARS scores, while IL-13 was negatively correlated with CGI-S and OCDS scores on day 28 of therapy. These results expand our understanding of the contribution of inflammatory markers to the pathogenesis of AD and can be taken into account when developing treatment options.
Aim. To study the relationship of constitutional and morphological features of patients with schizophrenia with suicidal behavior. Materials and methods. We examined 215 patients with schizophrenia. Information about the age of the patients, the age of manifestation and duration of the disease, and the history of suicide attempts was acquired through structured clinical interviews and examination of medical records. Additionally, the Beck Hopelessness Inventory was used. The anthropometric examination was carried out according to V.V. Bunak’s method, modified by V.P. Chitetsov. Constitutional and morphological body types and somatic sexual differentiation were determined based on the calculation of the Rees – Eysenck index and the Tanner index. Results. The χ2 test revealed significant differences in the distribution frequencies of the main constitutional and morphological types between the groups of patients with and without suicide attempts ( p = 0.033). Following a pairwise comparison, significant differences were found only in the frequency of asthenic constitutional and morphological type ( p = 0.018). Also, when comparing the frequencies of the distribution of constitutional and morphological types between patients with and without hopelessness, significant differences were found ( p = 0.035). In the group of patients with hopelessness, the asthenic constitutional and morphological type prevailed ( p = 0.045). The network analysis made it possible to identify two independent suicide risk factors in patients with schizophrenia: clinical and anthropometric. Conclusion. The results of the study clearly confirm the importance of the constitution as an independent risk factor for suicidal behavior in patients with schizophrenia. The data obtained open up prospects for early detection of predisposition to suicidal thoughts and actions in this group of patients.
Background: Untargeted metabolomics enables comprehensive profiling of biological systems, but accurate metabolite annotation remains a critical bottleneck due to incomplete spectral libraries and structural isomerism. The use of in silico annotation tools can increase the coverage of annotated compounds, but it remains unclear whether these tools, in the absence of reference standards, can reliably annotate real-world experimental LC-HRMS data and whether they are sufficient for this task. Methods: This study assesses the performance and limitations of four widely used in silico structure prediction tools (MassFrontier, MetFrag, MS-FINDER, and SIRIUS/CSI:FingerID) when applied to an experimentally acquired feature set previously used to differentiate patients with depressive disorders from healthy controls. To ensure uniform evaluation across tools under realistic but optimized conditions, the quality of MS/MS data was improved using a parallel reaction monitoring method, allowing acquisition of interpretable fragmentation spectra for 26 of the 28 detected features. Results: For most features, all tools were able to suggest structure candidates. However, none of the tools proved sufficient as a standalone solution for reliable metabolite annotation. Due to their different algorithms, each tool had strengths and weaknesses in fragmentation interpretation, candidate generation, and ranking, resulting in incomplete or inconsistent annotations. While the combined application of all four tools provided a substantial improvement in putative annotation over conventional spectral library matching, the in silico structure prediction tools often prioritized chemically implausible, biologically irrelevant, or artifactual candidates. Consequently, manual expert evaluation was required to assess the chemical plausibility and biological relevance of the proposed structures. This ultimately reduced the number of biologically plausible metabolites putatively associated with disease to ten. Conclusions: Overall, these results demonstrate that existing in silico annotation tools can substantially support the annotation of experimental metabolomics data, but are insufficient on their own. Reliable identification of metabolites in complex biological matrices still depends on high-quality MS/MS data acquisition, the combined use of complementary tools, and mandatory post-annotation expert curation.
Objective. To comprehensively assess practicing psychiatrists’ clinical views, diagnostic practices, and therapeutic approaches to anhedonia in the Russian Federation. Materials and methods. A crosssectional survey was conducted from March to September 2025. A purpose-designed 27-item questionnaire covered detection and clinical significance of anhedonia, its impact on prognosis, and pharmacological and psychotherapeutic strategies. Eligible participants were physicians actively practicing psychiatry in the Russian Federation. The sample was recruited via targeted mailings to institutional clusters with subsequent link forwarding (i.e., elements of snowball sampling); the final cohort represents a purposive sample. Statistical analyses were performed in R 4.2.1 using base R and the psych package. Results . A total of 1,021 physicians were included (mean age 40.8 years [SD 11.3]; years in practice 14.5 [SD 10.9]). Nearly all respondents explicitly assess anhedonia in depression (96.5%). In clinicians’ subjective estimates, anhedonia occurs in 40–80% of patients and is most pronounced in melancholic depression (55.6%). The transdiagnostic nature of anhedonia is acknowledged by most respondents (77.1%), most often in the context of schizophrenia/schizoaffective disorder and bipolar disorder. Anhedonia is viewed as a marker of unfavorable prognosis: impaired functioning (62.2%), slower improvement (59.5%), and increased suicide risk (51.8%). Consensus regarding psychotherapy was high (81.1%; cognitive behavioral therapy most frequently cited). Opinions on pharmacotherapy were divided: 52.0% considered some antidepressants more effective in pronounced anhedonia; the need for antipsychotics was more often not supported (56.9%). No substantial geographic differences between metropolitan areas and other regions were identified. Male physicians were somewhat less likely to endorse the necessity of psychotherapy for anhedonia. About half of the respondents noted that under antidepressant treatment, worsening or persistence of anhedonia was often accompanied by “emotional blunting” (feelings of flattened emotions, apathy) in patients. Conclusions . Russian psychiatrists regard anhedonia as a central and transdiagnostic symptom that affects prognosis and warrants proactive assessment. These findings support domain-oriented approaches to anhedonia and personalized algorithms for managing patients with depression.
OBJECTIVE:To organize and summarize current data on the role of primary motor disorders in the clinical presentation of schizophrenia, specifically addressing their diagnostic and prognostic significance, alongside the neurobiological mechanisms underlying their development. MATERIAL AND METHODS:A comprehensive search was conducted without filters across the eLibrary, Google Scholar, and PubMed databases, using keywords including «motor phenotype of schizophrenia», «abnormal involuntary movements in schizophrenic spectrum disorders», and «primary motor dysfunctions,» in both Russian and English. RESULTS:This review includes 53 sources that focus on the pathogenesis and clinical variability of motor dysfunctions in patients with schizophrenia. These dysfunctions contribute to an intermediate phenotype of the disorder. The emphasis is on the necessity of methodologically robust, strictly controlled multimodal studies aimed at validating the diagnostic relevance of motor dysfunctions, elucidating their neurobiological correlates, and evaluating their clinical ramifications across the spectrum of schizophrenic disorders. CONCLUSIONS:The findings of this systematic review showed that motor symptoms are intricately linked to impaired neuroontogenesis and constitute a distinct domain characterized by its own pathophysiological framework.
